Oil palm tree

Frying oil has been available to man in various parts of the world. Most of the time a specific oil has been selected for frying because it is locally available. Man also has moved from the crude expelled oils to refined oils as the oil technology advanced. In addition, the availability of most oils across the world has also increased due to improved transportation and storage systems developed over the years. Consumers have been exposed to the taste of products fried in different types of oil for quite sometime. Production of other than the indigenous oils has also become common where the local climate, soil conditions, and overall agronomy have been favorable to a particular type of oilseed or oil palm trees. 

Due to climate- and soil-related cultivation restrictions, different oil crops are characteristic for different parts of the world. Nevertheless, a global market exists and international trade in oil seeds, vegetable oils, and respective by-products is significant. The major oil crops worldwide are oil palm, soybean, rapeseed (canola), and sunfiower (see Table 4.1). The latter three are described in more detail below. Palm oil, which is obtained from the oil palm tree mainly planted in South East Asia (especially in Indonesia and Malaysia), grew to be the vegetable oil with the highest consumption (42.1 million tons, 30%) ahead of soybean oil (37.9 million tons, 28%) [1]. It has several applications in food, oleochemicals, and other industries [2], while it is also discussed as a major source for biodiesel. 

Palm oil is one of the most widely used plant oils in the worid. It is produced from oil palm tree which is grown in mass plantation in tropical countries such as Malaysia In Malaysia, a ton of its fiesh fniit bunches (FFB) yields 200 kg cmde palm oil and 40 kg palm kernels which, in turn, yield about 50 wt%, or 20 kg of palm kernel oil (PKO). A hectare of estate can yield 20-24 tons of FFB per year, which in turn yield 4 to 5 tons of palm oil and 400-500 kg of PKO (Tuan Noor Maznee et al. 2001). 

To compete with the traditional fossil-based refineries, biorefineries have to exploit optimally raw materials firom plants and create multiple value chains. Therefore, the concept of a whole-plant biorefinery appears as a more convenient model. Despite the diversity of oil crops, such as soy, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm, the whole-plant biorefinery concept can be applied similarly to all of them. Differences can emerge due to the nature of the plant and the way to recover its seeds containing the vegetable oil. Palm trees, for instance, remain in the soil, and their fruits are harvested, where plants such as rapeseed or sunflower are cut every year. In both cases, the first step of the biorefinery process is to separate the oil-rich seeds firom the lignocellulosic fraction of the plant. 

P. is gained from the fhiits of the - oil palm tree. Refining processes are manifold, but mainly - distillation (270 °C at 0.5-0.8 kPa/4-6 mm) is used. During distillation, neutralization, bleaching (decomposition of colored carotenes) and deodoriza-tion are also accomplished. Modem refining meth-... 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

Palm oil[8002-75-3] is derived from the fleshy fmit of the palm tree rather than the nut as with palm kernel oil. Palm oil has a longer chain length distribution than palm kernel oil and provides properties and compositions more similar to tallow than to other vegetable oils (see Table 1). 

Olive Soybean Palm oil Olive tree (O/ea europea) fruits Soy plant (Glycine max) beans Palmtree (Elaeis guinnesis) fruits Mediterranean sea area China China, India, West Guinea Food, cosmetic Food Food... 

Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb s wool), beeswax (Fig. 10-5), camauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales see Box 10-1) are widely used in the manufacture of lotions, ointments, and polishes. 

Tree crop mainly based on the production of permanent crops, e.g. cocoa, coffee, oil palm or rubber. In the establishing phase, before shade impedes annual crop growth, food crops are interplanted and grown mainly for subsistence. 

Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric fats that are obtained from various species of palm tree, the main varieties being palm, which yields palm-kernel oil and coconut. These fats differ from non-laurics in that they contain 47-48%... 

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