With unsaturated fatty acids

This technology has been utilized by BP Chemicals for the production of lubricating oils with well defined characteristics (for example, pour point and viscosity index). It is used in conjunction with a mixture of olefins (i.e., different isomers and different chain length olefins) to produce lubricating oils of higher viscosity than obtainable by conventional catalysis [33]. Unichema Chemie BV have applied these principals to more complex monomers, using them with unsaturated fatty acids to create a mixture of products [34]. 

Forni, L.G., Packer, J.E., Slater, T.F. and Willson, KL. (1983). Reactions of the trichloromethyl and halothane derived peroxyl radicals with unsaturated fatty acids a pulse radiolysis study. Chem. Biol. Interact. 45, 171-177. 

Figure 8. Proposed mechanism of the generation of peroxyl radicals by reaction of hematin with unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. ...

High-density lipoproteins are formed in the liver and intestines as a result of catabolism of chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins, and in comparison with other lipoproteins, they contain considerably more cholesterol esters with unsaturated fatty acids, as well as phospholipids and specific proteins. 

One of the primary reactions of ionizing radiation with saturated fatty acids is decarboxylation and alkane formation (2). Dimers tend to be produced by reaction of ionizing radiation with unsaturated fatty acids (2). When meats are irradiated C -C 7 n-alkanes, C2-C17 n-alkenes, and C4-Cg iso-alkanes are the predominant products from the lipid fraction (10), Irradiation of the lipoprotein fraction of meat results in the formation of the following volatile compounds Ci-C 7 n-alkanes, C2-C1J n-alkenes, dimethyl sulfide, benzene, and toluene (10). 

Figure 3.2 The molecular arrangement of the cell membrane (A) integral proteins (B) glycoprotein (C) pore formed from integral protein (D) various phospholipids with saturated fatty acid chains (E) phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid chains (F) network proteins (G) cholesterol (H) glycolipid (I) peripheral protein. There are four different phospholipids phosphatidyl serine phosphatidyl choline phosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin represented as , o. The stippled area of the protein represents the hydrophobic portion. Source From Ref. 1.

Carbon tetrachloride causes centrilobular liver necrosis and steatosis after acute exposure, and liver cirrhosis, liver tumors, and kidney damage after chronic administration. The mechanism underlying the acute toxicity to the liver involves metabolic activation by cytochrome P-450 to yield a free radical (trichloromethyl free radical). This reacts with unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes of organelles and leads to toxic products of lipid peroxidation including malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal. This results in hepatocyte necrosis and inhibition of various metabolic processes including protein synthesis. The latter leads to steatosis as a result of inhibition of the synthesis of lipoproteins required for triglyceride export. 

Since proteins strongly adsorb at interfaces, very low concentrations (as low as 1 mg/L) can influence foaming. This can cause foaming where it is not desired, such as where it causes operational problems in fermentation processes [844]. Additives with fatty-acid chains generally tend to be capable of stabilizing foams, whereas those with unsaturated fatty-acid chains generally tend to destabilize foams [820]. Other food defoamers that have been used include oils, glycols and siloxanes [486,844]. Some commercial food defoamers are listed in Ref. [845],... 

Eberhart DC, Parkinson A. Cytochrome P450 IIIA1 (P450p) requires cytochrome b5 and phospholipid with unsaturated fatty acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991 291... 

Experiments in vitro are consistent with some of the chemical investigations. Enzymes are readily inactivated by ozone, and the inactivation can be traced to the more susceptible amino acid residues (Table XI). Reactions with unsaturated fatty acids have been examined, and the production of malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide has been detected (52-54). The lipid products have not been analyzed, and the toxicity of such products is yet to be determined. 

Phthalate based polycondensate resins, modified with unsaturated fatty acids and styrene as well as vinyltoluene have many applications in the form of paints and lacquers as alkyd resins". 

Physically, the membrane may exist in two states the "solid" gel crystalline and the "liquid" fluid crystalline states. For each type of membrane, there is a specific temperature at which one changes into the other. This is the transition temperature (Tc). The Tc is relatively high for membranes containing saturated fatty acids and low for those with unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, bilayers of phosphatidylcholine with two palmitate residues have a Tc = 41°C but that with two oleic acid residues has a Tc = -20°C. The hybrid has a Tc = -5°C. Sphingomyelin bilayer, on the other hand, may have a Tc of close to body temperature. In the gel crystalline state, the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids are ordered, whereas in the fluid crystalline state they are disordered. At body temperature, all eukaryotic membranes appear to be in the liquid crystalline state, and this is caused, in part, by the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and in part by cholesterol. The latter maintains the fatty acid side chains in the disordered state, even below the normal Tc. There is thus no evidence that membranes regulate cellular metabolic activity by changing their physical status from the gel to the fluid state,... 

The superoxide radical (O ) is another reactive oxygen species. Although the superoxide radical may not react readily with unsaturated fatty acids, it is capable of oxidizing phenolic compounds such as tocopherols, thiols and ascorbic acid (Korycka-Dahl and Richardson, 1980). This, in turn, may lead to earlier oxidation of lipids. However, the significance of superoxide as a pro-oxidant in milk is unclear. Superoxide rapidly dismu-tates in water, yielding hydrogen peroxide which, itself, may be involved in oxidative reactions (Korycka-Dahl and Richardson, 1980) ... 

The singlet oxygen can react directly with unsaturated fatty acids. 

Szejtli and Banky-Eloed optimized conditions for the formation of amy-lose complexes with unsaturated fatty acids.753 The inhibiting effect of fatty acids on the blue reaction of amylose suggests that fatty acids are adsorbed by the amylose helix.751... 

If triesters are made with unsaturated fatty acids—ones with double bonds in their hydrocarbon-like parts—oils are produced. If only single bonds are in the fatty acids, fats are produced. Because consumers seem to prefer solid fats (such as butter) to liquid oils, some food manufacturers hydrogenate the unsaturated oils to reduce the number of double bonds in the molecules and produce a more solid product ... 

In white winemaking, Saccharomyces cerevisiae must develop at low temperature, which reduces membrane fluidity. To maintain adequate fluidity in their membranes, yeasts increase the proportion of UFA in the phospholipids (Thurston et al. 1981 Torrija et al. 2003). Phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point and more flexibility than phospholipids with saturated acyl chains (Rodriguez et al. 2007). Such adaptation involves inducing the fatty acid desaturase OLEl which incorporate unsaturated bonds at defined positions in fatty acids (Nakagawa et al. 2002). 

When glycerol reacts with unsaturated fatty acids, oils are typically formed. The reaction is similar to that with the saturated fatty acids. Oils are, of course, liquids. The fats and oils formed from the reaction of glycerol with the fatty acids are called triglycerides or triacylglycerides. Fats and oils are actually esters of glycerol and... 

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