Soaps products

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

Octoates were the next drier development. Because these driers are produced from synthetic 2-ethylhexanoic acid, the chemical composition can be controlled and uniformity assured. Also, other synthetic acids, eg, isononanoic and neodecanoic, became available and are used for metal soap production. Compared to naphthenic acid, these synthetic acids have high acid values, are more uniform, lighter in color, and do not have its characteristic odor. It is also possible to produce metal soaps with much higher metal content by using synthetic acids. 

The raw materials for the manufacture of soap, the alkali salts of saturated and unsaturated C10-C20 carboxylic acids, are natural fats and fatty oils, especially tallow oil and other animal fats (lard), coconut oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, and even olive oil. In addition, the tall oil fatty acids, which are obtained in the kraft pulping process, are used for soap production. A typical formulation of fats for the manufacture of soap contains 80-90% tallow oil and 10-20% coconut oil [2]. For the manufacture of soft soaps, the potassium salts of fatty acids are used, as are linseed oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil acids. High-quality soap can only be produced by high-quality fats, independent of the soap being produced by saponification of the natural fat with caustic soda solution or by neutralization of distilled fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of fats, with soda or caustic soda solutions. Fatty acids produced by paraffin wax oxidation are of inferior quality due to a high content of unwanted byproducts. Therefore in industrially developed countries these fatty acids are not used for the manufacture of soap. This now seems to be true as well for the developing countries. 

In addition to these product attributes, there was one processing attribute that could not be decoupled from the product composition the bar needed to be manufactured on a standard soap production line without the need for significant capital investment. This is because soap manufacture is quite capital intensive [7,8], and Unilever wished to make use of its considerable capital investment. 

One of the principal applications of vacuum and pressure (air) flotation is in commercial installations with colloidal wastes from soap and detergent factories [20,40-42]. Wastewaters from soap production are collected in traps on skimming tanks, with subsequent recovery... 

Paisonal cars (skin and hair soap products)... 

Although essentially pure soap products continue lo dominate the cleansing-bar field, a few products contain synthetic surfactams in addition 10 soap to act as scum and curd dispersants. Synthetic surfactants used in this application include alkyl sulfates, alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, alkyl esters of sodium isothionale. and alkylamides of N-melhyl tauride. 

Once fats have been digested, the free fatty acids have the opportunity to react with other nutrients within the digesta. One such possible association is with minerals to form soaps that may or may not be soluble. If insoluble soaps are formed, there is the possibility that both the fatty acid and the mineral will be unavailable to the bird. This appears to be more of a potential problem in young birds fed diets containing saturated fats and high levels of dietary minerals. Soap production seems to be less of a problem with older birds (Atteh and Leeson, 1983). 

There are many applications where the organic compounds are extracted from natural materials. Extraction is used for preparation of pure flavor essences from expressed oils of various citrus fruit. Pyrethrum is recovered from pyrethrum flowers by solvent extraction. A continuous saponification, glycol extraction, and splitting process for converting fat into finished soap base has been used in soap production. 

The real breakthrough in soap production was made in 1780 by a French chemist and physician, Nicolas Leblanc, who invented the process of obtaining soda (sodium carbonate, Na2C03) from common salt (the Leblanc process), and increased the availability of this alkali at a reasonable cost. With the development of power to operate factories, soapmaking grew from a cottage industry into a commercial venture and became one of the fastest-growing industries of the modern era. Body soap, which had been a luxury item affordable by royalty and the very rich, became a household item of ordinary folks as well. 

Fred Soap Production Chemist assisting with the purification process and checking steps as required ... 

In the mid-1990s, synthetic surfactant production finally overtook soap production, both of which were running at approximately 9 million tonnes per annum. 

Soap products in the United States are produced almost exclusively from tallow (beef) fat and coconut oil or their fatty acid derivatives. The utilization of palm oils, palm kernel oil, and... 

Thus, a combination of coconut (C10 C12) and tallow (C16 -C1X) fatty acids is most suitable from the viewpoint of providing a balance in lathering attributes to deliver consumer-acceptable lather. Commonly accepted ratios of these soap feedstocks are 80-85 percent tallow and 15-20 percent coconut oil for standard purpose bars and 60-70 percent tallow, 30-40 percent coconut oil for the higher lathering bar-soap products. Cleansing bars formulated with free fatty acids (superfatting) improves the quickness of lather generation and provides an open bubbly foam. Commonly accepted levels... 

Reaction of hydroxylamine with ketones or aldehydes yields oximes, aldoximes RHC=NOH, or ketoximes R2C=NOH. Almost all the hydroxylamine production (95%) is used for the production of either cyclohexanone oxime or caprolactam, both of which are intermediates for polyamide synthetics. The remainder of the hydroxylamine production is used as an anticreaming agent in paints and coatings, as an auxiliary in refining fats for soap production, as a regulator or inhibitor for various polymerizations, as a stabilizer for developers, and as an additive for color emulsions. Oximes are also used as pharmaceuticals or in crop protection. 

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