Coconut oil derivatives

Cocamidopropyl betaine is manufactured by a two-step reaction coconut oil-derived fatty acid is reacted with dimethylaminopropyl-amine to yield the cocamide that is subsequently converted to the betaine by the addition of monochloroacetate. The acyl group in the amide linkage ranges in length from 8 to 16 carbon atoms with C12 and C14 as the predominant components [44]. 

The betaines, especially the coconut-oil-derived cocamidopropyl betaines, are the most important zwitterionic surfactants. The name betaine refers to trimethylglycine, which was first isolated from sugar beet beta vulgaris). Cocoamphomonoacetate and cocoamphodiacetate are the most important types for the amphoteric surfactants. The structures and names for both product types are summarized in Table 15.1. 

James, T. K. and A. Rahman, New Zealand Plant Protect., 58, 2005, 157. (Coconut-oil-derived herbicides)... 

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

The combined soap (CS) is a mix of fatty acids salts (FAS) and different surfactants. The surfactants usually sodium acylisethionats (AIST), which ai e derivates of fatty acids, as a mle, coconut oil or lauric fraction. 

A1 soap in which about 50% of the org adds are derived from coconut oil, 25% from naphthenic acids and 25% from oleic acid. When stirred into gasoline at a temp range from 16—29°, M1 swells until the entire vol of gasoline becomes a more or less homogeneous gel M2 Thickener. A standard (for US Air Force) incendiary oil thickener. It is an intimate mixt of 95%Ml Thickener and 5% devolatilized silica... 

Besides the alkyl ether carboxylates the amidether carboxylates are used as mild surfactants in cosmetic formulations [35-37,68,69,71,80]. As described by Meijer [68,69], the ether carboxylate mixture derived from the monoethanol-amide of coconut oil is a mild product in shampoos and showerbaths, and the stearylmonoethanolamidether carboxylate an oil-in-water emulsifier for creams and lotions. The NDELA content of these products is below the detection level of 10 ppb because of the use of monoethanolamine and the further chemical reactions after amidation. 

Primary alcohols are produced either by the catalytic hydrogenation of methyl esters or by fatty acids derived from oils and fats, e.g., coconut oil (C12-C14) or tallow (Cl6-C18), or from synthetic sources. Alcohols manufactured from natural oils and fats and from the Ziegler-type processes produce even-numbered chain length primary alcohols. 

Surfactants can be produced from both petrochemical resources and/or renewable, mostly oleochemical, feedstocks. Crude oil and natural gas make up the first class while palm oil (+kernel oil), tallow and coconut oil are the most relevant representatives of the group of renewable resources. Though the worldwide supplies of crude oil and natural gas are limited—estimated in 1996 at 131 X 1091 and 77 X 109 m3, respectively [28]—it is not expected that this will cause concern in the coming decades or even until the next century. In this respect it should be stressed that surfactant products only represent 1.5% of all petrochemical uses. Regarding the petrochemically derived raw materials, the main starting products comprise ethylene, n-paraffins and benzene obtained from crude oil by industrial processes such as distillation, cracking and adsorption/desorption. The primary products are subsequently converted to a series of intermediates like a-olefins, oxo-alcohols, primary alcohols, ethylene oxide and alkyl benzenes, which are then further modified to yield the desired surfactants. 

ASs are made up of alkyl chains numbering 12 to 18 carbon atoms which are bound to a sulfate group. ASs are obtained by sulfation of fatty alcohols derived from palm oil, kernel oil and coconut oil, as well as from petrochemical raw materials. 

FADAs are nitrogen derivatives of coconut oil synthesised from fatty acid and diethanolamine. Equimolar amounts of the two starting compounds yield water-insoluble monoethanolamides, whereas the reaction of two moles of diethanolamine with one of the acids results in water-soluble FADA possessing the typical alkyl chain distribution with the C12/C14 homologues prevailing [33]. 

The components of a technical cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB Fig. 2.13.1) mixture were separated under reversed phase conditions in the order of increasing length of the alkyl chain (Fig. 2.13.2) [1]. Since the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactant molecule is derived from coconut oil, the two homologues Ci2 and C14 form the major constituents according to the distribution in the natural raw product containing approximately 49% of Ci2- and 19% of C14-fatty acid [2],... 

Folkloric medicine has led many scientists to discover important plant-derived medicines. It has been known for some time that the seeds of several Annonaceous species have an emetic property (Morton, 1987). Eli Lilly, Inc. in 1898 sold a fluid extract made from paw paw seeds A. triloba) for inducing emesis (Anonymous, 1898). Folkloric uses of Annonaceous species also suggest pesticidal properties. The Thai people use extracts of Annona squamosa, A. muricata,A. cherimolia, and A. reticulata for the treatment of head lice (Chumsri, 1995). For this, 10 to 15 fresh leaves of A. squamosa L. are finely crushed and mixed with coconut oil, and the mixture is applied uniformly onto the head and washed off after 30 min. 

Many alcohols are prepared by reduction of the corresponding methyl esters which are derived from animal or vegetable fats, These alcohols are straight chain even-carbon-numbered compounds. Tallow and coconut oil are two major raw materials for higher alcohol manufacture. 

MYRISTIC ACID. [CAS 544-63-8]. Also called tetradecanoic acid, formula CHjlCHiJnCOOH, At room temperature, it is an oily, white crystalline solid. Soluble in alcohol and ether insoluble in water. Specific gravity 0.8739 (80°C) mp 54.4°C bp 326.2°C. Combustible. The acid is derived by the fractional distillation of coconut oil. Myristic ucid is used in soaps cosmetics in the synthesis of esters for flavorings and perfumes and as a component of food-grade additives, Myristic acid is a constituent of several vegetable oils. See also Vegetable Oils (Edible). 

In tile application of surfactants, physical and use properties, precisely specified, are of primary concern. Chemical homogeneity is of little significance in practice. In fact, surfactants are generally polydisperse mixtures, such as the natural fats as precursors of fatty acid-derived surfactant structures e.g., coconut oil contains glycerol esters of Cc-Qa fatly acids. Nonionic surfactants of die alcohol edioxylate type are polydisperse not only with respect to the hydrophobe but also in the number of edivlene oxide units attached. 

It was recognized in the late 1950 s that the supply and therefore price of naturally occurring products, such as coconut oil and tallow, could fluctuate widely. Both political and climatic conditions have an influence on the supply and price of these oils, and the price of naturally-derived alcohols depends on their raw material costs. With both politics and climates to content with, natural alcohol producers often have little control over the price of their final product. 

As noted earlier, natural alcohols are produced from coconut oil and tallow as well as some other fats and oils—palm kernel oil, palm oil, sperm whale oil, etc. Most of these natural oils actually consist of fatty triglycerides, i.e., glycerol esterified by three molecules of fatty acid. There is very little free alcohol present in these materials, and the alcohols are derived from the fatty acid moiety of the triglyceride by reduction. 

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