Coconut oil composition

Coconut oil, composition of, 1062 Coding strand (DNA), 1108 CODIS, DNA fingerprint registry, 1118... 

Coconut oil composition consists of 90% saturated fatty acids, 7.5% monounsaturated fatty acids and 1.8% polyimsaturated fatty acids (Zambiazi, et al., 2007) and it is as it follows 1% caproic acid (C6 0), 2% caprylic acid (C8 0), 4% capric acid (C10 0), 50% lauric acid (C12 0), 18% myristic acid (C14 0), 9% palmitic acid (C16 0), 8% oleic acid (C18 l), 5% stearic acid (C18 0) and 2% linoleic acid (C18 2) (Paiwan et al., 2013). The stmctured lipids (24%), which usually are difficult to find in nature are obtained by cmde oil biotransformation but another possibility to obtain them is by bioconversions in controlled conditions, in order to develop specific target compounds with biological activities that have different effects on microbial cells (Nugrahini et al., 2015). 

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

Alcohols used in the manufacture of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are obtained either by chemical treatment of fats and oils or by petrochemical processes from natural gas or crude oil. In either case the hydrocarbon chain ranging from 8 to 18 carbon atoms corresponding to the composition of coconut oil is the most desirable. 

A heavy granular detergent can be produced by mixing a detergent composition with powdered or granular sodium carbonate. A typical detergent comprises 8% sodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 2% di-Na a-sulfopalmitate, 10% Na coconut oil alcohol sulfate, 2% polyethylene... 

Vitamins and Other Nutrients in Food Matrices see also Section 6.3. Food matrices are available with values assigned for vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids, cholesterol, natural toxins, veterinary drugs, and hormone residues. The NIST food matrix SRMs for vitamins include coconut oil (SRM 1563), infant formula (SRM 1846), and baby food composite (SRM 2383) (particularly for carotenoids). Fatty acids and cholesterol are the primary analytes of interest in meat homogenate (SRM 1546) and diet... 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Alam, S. Q., and Y. Y. Shi. The effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the fatty acid composition of different salivary glands and saliva in rats. Arch Oral Biol 1997 42(10-11) 727-734. Kumar, P. D. The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala, south India. Trop Doct... 

Garcia-Fuentes, E., A. Gil-Villarino, M. F. Zafra, and E. Garcia-Peregrin. Differential changes in the fatty acid composition of the main lipid classes of chick plasma induced by dietary coconut oil. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002 133(2) 269-275. 

Mohamed, A. I., A. S. Hussein, S. J. Bhathena, and Y. S. Hafez. The effect of dietary menhaden, olive, and coconut oil fed with three levels of vitamin E on plasma and liver lipids and plasma fatty acid composition in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002 13(7) 435-441. Kawano, K., S. Qin S, C. Vieu, X. Collet, and X. C. Jiang. Role of hepatic lipase and scavenger receptor BI in clearing phospholipid/free cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in PLTP-deficient... 

Anderson, M. 1974. Milk fat globule membrane composition and dietary change Supplements of coconut oil fed in two physical forms. J. Dairy Sci. 57, 399-404. 

Cold properties of biodiesel are highly correlated to the fatty acid composition. Biodiesel with a high content of saturated fatty acids, such as that from palm oil and coconut oil, possesses poor cold flow properties. On the other hand, biodiesel with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids possesses better flow properties at lower temperatures. However, biodiesel from highly unsaturated fatty acids with more than two double bonds has combustion problems. Therefore, in some countries, the content of highly unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel is kept low (5). 

Each triglyceride molecule has a random distribution of acid chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation. However, the composition of fats and oils from a common source is relatively uniform. While fatty alcohols theoretically could be derived from any fat or oil, most are prepared from coconut oil or tallow with an increasing quantity derived from palm oil or palm kernel oil. Approximate compositions (O of these four oils are listed in Table I. 

A remarkable feature of lipids, either vegetal or animal, is that they share the same fatty acids in triglycerides in the range C12-C20 (Table 14.3). However, there are significant differences in composition. Thus, soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils are all based on C18 acids, the first two being richer in unsaturated linoleic acid, which could introduce a problem of stability with respect to oxidation. The palm oil has an important amount of C16 acid. Coconut oil is given as an example of Cl2-04 rich oil. As in palm oil the composition of tallow spreads over Cl6-08 acids. 

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