Coconut oil production

Off-flavors may arise from lipase activity in foods. Lipolyzed flavor is due to the hydrolysis of fatty acids from triglycerides. Since lipase is quite widely occurring in food products, one would expect to find lipolyzed OF more commonly than encountered. The major reason lipolyzed OF is not encountered more frequently is that most lipids in foods contain only mid- to long-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids (>12 carbons) are too large to make a significant contribution to either odor or taste. Therefore, the only foods where lipolysis produces significant OF are those that contain short chain fatty acids (e.g., dairy or coconut oil products. Table 7.6). 

Fermentation method is the least consistent of all the coconut oil production processes. Therefore, the quality of coconut oil produced by this method varies for different producers. The oil has to be further purified for food purposes. In the preparation of coconut oil by this method, fresh coeonut kernel is first grated and then eoeonut milk or cream is pressed out from the white flesh. This milk is plaeed into vats or buekets and allowed to ferment at about 37°C. The enzymes and bacteria break the proteins in emulsion and separate the milk into different layers which include a top protein curd layer, a eoeonut oil layer underneath, another curd layer and a layer of water. The protein curd on the top ean be removed and then the oil layer can be siphoned. 

Halden, V. W. Lieb, H. (1961). Influence of biologically improved coconut oil products on blood cholesterol levels in human volunteers. Nutritional Diet, 3,75-88. 

Chapter 6 present the coconut oil production methods highlighting the differences in quality of the oil produced in different manners. 

United States Department of Agriculture (2013). Coconut Oil Production by Country. Available at http //www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/ commodity=coconut-oil graph=production, last accessed September 4, 2013. 

Bawalan, D., Chapman, K.R., 2006. Virgin Coconut Oil - Production Manual for Micro- and Village-Scale Processing. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 

Tnmynstm is obtained from coconut oil and has the molecular formula C45H86O6 On being heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by acidification trimyristin was converted to glycerol and tetradecanoic acid as the only products What is the structure of trimyristin ... 

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Coconut. In 1988, total coconut production was 36,802,000 t, of which 81% was produced in Asia, mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines (157). The coconut is essentiaUy a crop of the lowland tropics (157). On the average, five nuts are required to produce 1 kg of copra, the dried endosperm of the nut. Copra is further processed to obtain coconut oil and copra meal. To produce coconut milk, which is an emulsion of coconut oil and water, grated fresh coconut meat is mixed with hot water and pressed (157). Either poles having an attached sickle-shaped knife or monkeys (158) may be used for harvesting. 

Tallow [61789-97-7] is the fat obtained as a by-product of beef, and to a lesser degree sheep processing, and is the most commonly utilized animal fat in the manufacturing of soaps. The high content of longer chain length fatty acids present in tallow fat necessitates the addition of other oils, such as coconut oil, in order to produce a bar with acceptable performance. 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

The raw materials for the manufacture of soap, the alkali salts of saturated and unsaturated C10-C20 carboxylic acids, are natural fats and fatty oils, especially tallow oil and other animal fats (lard), coconut oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, and even olive oil. In addition, the tall oil fatty acids, which are obtained in the kraft pulping process, are used for soap production. A typical formulation of fats for the manufacture of soap contains 80-90% tallow oil and 10-20% coconut oil [2]. For the manufacture of soft soaps, the potassium salts of fatty acids are used, as are linseed oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil acids. High-quality soap can only be produced by high-quality fats, independent of the soap being produced by saponification of the natural fat with caustic soda solution or by neutralization of distilled fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of fats, with soda or caustic soda solutions. Fatty acids produced by paraffin wax oxidation are of inferior quality due to a high content of unwanted byproducts. Therefore in industrially developed countries these fatty acids are not used for the manufacture of soap. This now seems to be true as well for the developing countries. 

Besides the alkyl ether carboxylates the amidether carboxylates are used as mild surfactants in cosmetic formulations [35-37,68,69,71,80]. As described by Meijer [68,69], the ether carboxylate mixture derived from the monoethanol-amide of coconut oil is a mild product in shampoos and showerbaths, and the stearylmonoethanolamidether carboxylate an oil-in-water emulsifier for creams and lotions. The NDELA content of these products is below the detection level of 10 ppb because of the use of monoethanolamine and the further chemical reactions after amidation. 

As mentioned above, neither of the reaction steps in the production of monoesters is particularly high in yield. The finished product therefore contains unreacted raw materials and/or intermediate products. The organic raw materials in themselves are mixtures of many substances. No natural raw material is homogeneous and any naturally based surfactant will be a blend. Fatty alcohol made from coconut oil, for example, is a product containing fatty alcohols from Cj0-Cj8 in varying amounts. Lauryl alcohol obtained from this raw material in its industrial form is a fatty alcohol mainly containing C12 fatty alcohol with, however, significant amounts of C10 and C14 fatty alcohols. 

Apart from butter or butter oil most fats that are used in biscuits are defined in terms of their physical and chemical properties. Fat suppliers are skilled at producing products with controlled physical and chemical properties from a range of raw materials. The baker can either buy fat on a physical and chemical specification, e.g. solid fat index, slip melting point, and not to contain lauric fat, or on an origin basis, e.g. to be coconut oil. The advantage of the botanical specification is that the item is a commodity and can be obtained from numerous sources. The disadvantage of this approach is that the product is tailored for a particular use. 

Surfactants can be produced from both petrochemical resources and/or renewable, mostly oleochemical, feedstocks. Crude oil and natural gas make up the first class while palm oil (+kernel oil), tallow and coconut oil are the most relevant representatives of the group of renewable resources. Though the worldwide supplies of crude oil and natural gas are limited—estimated in 1996 at 131 X 1091 and 77 X 109 m3, respectively [28]—it is not expected that this will cause concern in the coming decades or even until the next century. In this respect it should be stressed that surfactant products only represent 1.5% of all petrochemical uses. Regarding the petrochemically derived raw materials, the main starting products comprise ethylene, n-paraffins and benzene obtained from crude oil by industrial processes such as distillation, cracking and adsorption/desorption. The primary products are subsequently converted to a series of intermediates like a-olefins, oxo-alcohols, primary alcohols, ethylene oxide and alkyl benzenes, which are then further modified to yield the desired surfactants. 

The components of a technical cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB Fig. 2.13.1) mixture were separated under reversed phase conditions in the order of increasing length of the alkyl chain (Fig. 2.13.2) [1]. Since the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactant molecule is derived from coconut oil, the two homologues Ci2 and C14 form the major constituents according to the distribution in the natural raw product containing approximately 49% of Ci2- and 19% of C14-fatty acid [2],... 

In Ayurvedic medicine, coconut oil infused with herbs has been used medicinally for almost 4000 years as an effective treatment for skin diseases caused by infestation with parasites, such as scabies and head lice. Today, about 20 billion coconuts are grown each year, and although the major producers are the Philippines, India, and Indonesia, virtually everywhere the coconut palm grows — in the tropical regions of Latin America and East Africa, as well as Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Philippines — coconut products serve as a dietary staple. ... 

Hydrogenated oil, administered to Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice, produced a significant increase in peritoneal cells of coconut oil-fed mice and a reduction of bacterial recovery from the spleen . Oil, administered to mice injected with a nonlethal dose of Escherichia coli at a dose of 20% by weight for 5 weeks, produced a decrease of peak plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNE)-a, interleukin (IL)-l P, and lL-6 concentrations. Peak plasma IL-10 concentrations were higher in the coconut-fed group than in those fed the other diets, coconut oil diminished production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo . ... 

Subcellular membrane-bound enzymes activity. Oil, administered to male CFY weanling rats at a dose of 20% for 16 weeks, produced an increase of synaptosomal acetylcholinesterase activity in the coconut oil-fed group. The Mg -adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) activity was similar among all groups in all the brain regions Superoxide production inhibition. Seed oil, administered to rats at a concentration of 8% of diet, produced equivocal effect on macrophages. Capsaicin or curcumin enhanced effect . ... 

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