Aquaculture

Pubhc sector aquaculture involves production of aquatic animals to augment or estabUsh recreational and commercial fisheries. PubHc sector aquaculture is widely practiced in North America and to a lesser extent in other parts of the world. The FAO definition of aquaculture also indicates that farming implies ownership of the organisms being cultured, which would seem to exclude pubhc sector aquaculture. 

The bulk of global production from aquaculture is utilized directly as human food, with pubhc aquaculture playing a minor role in many nations or being absent. Private aquaculture is not only about human food production, however. There is, in some regions, weU-developed private sector aquaculture involved in the production of bait and ornamental fishes and invertebrates. 

Aquatic plants are cultured in many regions of the world. In fact, aquatic plants, primarily seaweeds, account for nearly 25% of the world s aquaculture production (3). Most of the information available in the hterature relates to the production of such aquatic animals as moUuscs, cmstaceans, and finftsh. 

A key factor in obtaining binding support for aquaculture is development of a sound business plan. The plan needs to demonstrate that the prospective culturist has identified all costs associated with estabhshment of the faciUty and its day-to-day operation. One or more suitable sites should have been identified and the species to be cultured selected before the business plan is submitted. Cost estimates should be verifiable. Having actual bids for a specific task at a specific location eg, pond constmction, well drilling, building constmction, and vehicle costs helps strengthen the business plan. 

Land costs vary enormously both between and within countries. Compare the cost of coastal land in south Florida where it might be possible to consider rearing shrimp with that of Mississippi farmland suitable for catfish farming. The former might be thousands of dollars for every meter of ocean front, while the latter may be obtained for one or two thousand dollars per hectare. 

The presence of NH4 has been observed in a variety of agricultural, domestic, and industrial waste-waters, and in effluents from aquacultural activity [5,79], The existence of a huge quantity of NH4 in these wastewaters can produce eutrophication in the receiving water body [5,49,79], Frequently, the NH4 concentration in an aquacultural fishpond increases beyond acceptable levels necessary for a typical aquacultural activity. In this case, NH4 elimination from the wastewaters is desirable to maintain appropriate water quality for a normal aquacultural life [79], 

Several techniques for NH4 removal exists, such as stripping, activated carbon adsorption, ozonation, and nitrification [49,79], However, notwithstanding the fact that all these methods are effective, as well as having some setbacks, methods capable of effective NH4 elimination from wastewaters are highly desirable [5,79], 

Chabazite, clinoptilolite, and mordenite are selective for NH4 exchange. The use of clinoptilolite filters has proven effective in removing NH4 from hatchery effluent waters [5,80-85], However, the addition of a filtering system can be expensive hence, natural zeolite can be added to the feed of 

Daily Biogas Production for the Different Supports at Different Residence Times 

FIGURE 7.17 Experimental test of the reduction of the ammonium concentration C[%] in 5L vessels, containing 500 g of young Tilapia fish, to which 40% (A), 20% ( ), and 10% ( ) of the zeolite sample CMT were added. The concentration C[%] was measured using for comparisson a container with 0% of zeolite added where the ammonium concentration was taken as C = 100%. 

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ANTIBIOTICS - BETA-LACTAMS - PENICILLINS AND OTHERS] (Vol 3) -aquaculture chemical [AQUACULTURE CHEMICALS] (Vol 3)... 

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