Aquaculture antimicrobials

Ormetoprim. Ormetoprim is a broad spectrum antimicrobial which is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. The drug is most often used to potentiate the anti-folate effect of sulfa drugs. The combination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim is commonly employed in the treatment of bacterial outbreaks in aquacultured fish. Plasma concentration time curves following intravenous administration of ormetoprim have been described in catfish triexponentially with a, B, and y phases of 0.39, 4.9, and 49 h (48). Similar studies in trout have demonstrated t and values of 0.54 and 17.5 h respectively (57). Total body clearances (Clb) and apparent volumes of distribution (V ) were similar for both species in the respective independent studies. The large volume of distribution (4,851 ml/kg for trout 4,966 ml/kg for catfish) suggests ormetroprim is widely distributed and concentrated in tissues. 

H0J L, BOURNE D G and HALL M R (2009) Localization, abundance and community structure of bacteria associated with Artemia Effects of nauplii enrichment and antimicrobial treatment. Aquaculture 293 278-285. 

AKiNBOWALE 0 L, PENG H and BARTON M D (2006) Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia, J Appl Microbiol, 100, 1103-1113. 

HEUER 0 E, KRUSE H, GRAVE K, COLLIGNON P, KARUNASAGAR I and ANGULO F J (2009) Human health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture, Clin Infect Dis, 49,1248-1253. 

REiMSCHUESSEL R and MILLER R A (2006) Antimicrobial drug use in aquaculture, in Giguere S, Prescott J F, Baggot J D, Walker R D and Dowling P M (eds). Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 593-606. 

E. D. Park, D. V. Lightner and D. L. Park, Antimicrobials in shrimp aquaculture in the United States regulatory status and safety concerns, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1994, 138, 1-20. 

Y.-K. Kim and C. E. Cerniglia, An overview of the fate and effects of antimicrobials used in aquaculture in Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 1018, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2009, pp. 105-120. 

NOGA EJ, ullal aj, corrales J, FERNANDES JM (2011), Application of antimicrobial polypeptide host defenses to aquaculture exploitation of downregulation and upregulation responses , Comp Biochem Physiol D Genom Proteom, 6,44-54. 

YIN zx, WEI H, CHEN wj, YAN JH, YANG IN, CHAN SM et ol. (2006), Cloning, expression and antimicrobial activity of an antimicrobial peptide, epineddin-1, from the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides . Aquaculture, 31,204-11. 

ALDERMAN, D.j. and SMITH, p. 2001. Development of draft protocols of standard reference methods for antimicrobial agent suspectibility testing of bacteria associated with fish diseases. Aquaculture 196,211-243. 

NICGABHAINN S, AMEDEO M, BERGH O, DIXON B, DONACHIE L, CARSON J, COYNE R, CURTIN J, DALSGAARD I, MAXWELL G aud SMHH P (2003), The precision and robustness of published protocols for disc diffusion assays of antimicrobial agent susceptibility an inter-laboratory study . Aquaculture, 240,1-18. 

SMITH p (2007), Antimicrobial use in shrimp farming in Ecuador and emerging multiresistance during the cholera epidemic of 1991 a re-examination of the data . Aquaculture, 271,1-7. 

SMITH p (2008b), Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture , Rev Sci Tech, 27,243-264. 

SMITH p, DOUGLAS I, MCMURRAY j and CARROLL c (2009), A rapid method of improving the criteria being used to interpret disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test data for bacteria associated with fish diseases . Aquaculture, 290,172-178. 

UHLAND FC and HIGGINS R (2006), Evaluation of the susceptibility of Aeromonas salmonicida to oxytetracycline and tetracycline using antimicrobial disk diffusion and dilution susceptibility tests , Aquaculture, 257,111-117. 

WHO (2006), Report of a Joint FAO/OIE/WHO Expert Consultation on Antimicrobial Use in Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance , Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 June 2006. http //www.who.int/topics/foodborne diseases/aquaculture rep 13 16june2006%20.pdf (accessed 10 June 2009). 

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