Aquaculture problems

The above addresses only part of the problem. The use of antibiotics is rife in areas such as animal husbandly, agriculture, aquaculture and even in the oil industry to prevent spoilage by contaminating microorganisms. A particularly pertinent example is the use of avoparcin in animal feed for many years. Avoparcin is related to the glycopeptides... 

Cabello FC (2006) Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ Microbiol 8(7) 1137-1144... 

The addition of heat to ahody of water, a condition known as thermal pollution, represents virtually no problem for humans. In fact, thermal pollution can even have certain advantages. For example, water heated by such processes can he used to spray on fruit trees to prevent damage from frost. It can also he used, under controlled circumstances, in aquaculture, the controlled cultivation of fish and seafood. 

THE SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY emerged at the turn of the last century and brought with it the experimental approaches that were already central to the study of physiology (1-3). Manipulations of whole aquatic ecosystems— excluding aquaculture, which dates back 2500 years (4)—developed more slowly, mainly because of difficulties associated with increased biotic complexity and physical scale in larger systems. One technique initially used to overcome the problems of complexity, scale, and replicability was creation of controlled microcosms that embodied a more or less natural representation of the whole system (5, 6). 

As the world s fisheries have declined, attention has turned to aquaculture. For it to be sustainable in the future, current problems of replacement of mangroves by ponds, use of wild fish as feed, pollution from wastes, escapes of exotic species or varieties, and the short lifetimes of ponds, must be solved.87 Shrimp and salmon farming have many of these problems. It would be better to farm herbivorous fish. 

The worldwide demand for fish and shellfish as a major item of the human diet has led to an increase in the use of aquaculture. Disease is often a problem in culturing aquatic species, and has led to the perceived need for veterinary drugs for disease control. 

Biofouling is a major economic and management problem for the aquaculture industry which been managed in the past by the use of toxic chemicals (biocide) that have had serious environmental repercussions (Me Cloy and De Nys, 2000). 

Other off-flavor compounds of microbial origin have been isolated and identified from cultured fish and drinking water supplies. p-Cyclocitral has a tobacco-like odor and has been isolated from blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. [24] and the flesh of farm-raised channel catfish [25]. P-Cyclocitral does not appear to be a large off-flavor problem in aquaculture [18]. Isopropylmercaptan, a compound with an oniony odor, has been isolated from cultures of Microcystis sp. [26], and 1 -octen-3-one, a mushroom-like odor-producing compound, has been isolated from cultures of an Anabaena sp. [27]. In addition, offensive sulfur-containing compounds are released into the water during cyanobacterial cell decomposition [26,28],... 

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