Crustaceans aquaculture

Louisiana s crayfish industry comprises the largest ccnroercial crustacean aquaculture industry in the United States with an annual harvest exceeding 45 million kg and is increasing (1). 

In conclusion, in light of the prominent role of chemical communication during most life stages of crustaceans, including those that are important for aquaculture, the prospects for beneficial use of pheromones in aquaculture seem promising. We hope that this review will open a new avenue of interdisciplinary research in the fields of aquaculture and chemical communication of crustaceans an avenue that would eventually lead to implementation of some of the proposed ideas in crustacean aquaculture. 

SANDIFER P A, SMITH TIJ and CALDER D R (1974) Hydrozoaus as pests in closed-system culture of larval decapod crustaceans . Aquaculture, 4,55-59. 

The global crustacean aquaculture industry is worth more than US 10 billion. A growing number of crustacean species (including crabs, lobsters and prawns) are intensively farmed, and increased production and movement of live products have led to the emergence of several internationally important crustacean diseases. In the past 15 years losses due to disease have been estimated to be in the region of 15 billion, of which 60% of losses were attributed to viruses and 20% to bacteria (Flegel et al., 2008). 

AQUACxjp. 1983. Construction of broodstock, maturation, spawning, and hatching systems for penaeid shrimps in the Centre Oceanologique du Pacifique. Pages 105-121 in J.P. McVey (editor) CRC Handbook of Mariculture. Volume 1 Crustacean Aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

P Coutteau, I Geurden, MR Camara, P Bergot, P Sorgeloos. Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture. Aquaculture 155 149-164, 1997. 

Aquatic plants are cultured in many regions of the wodd. In fact, aquatic plants, primarily seaweeds, account for neady 25% of the wodd s aquaculture production (3). Most of the information available in the literature relates to the production of such aquatic animals as molluscs, crustaceans, and finfish. 

Animal aquaculture is concentrated on finfish, molluscs, and crustaceans. Sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, turdes, frogs, and alligators are being cultured, but production is insignificant in comparison with the three principal groups. Common and scientific names of many of the species of the finfish, molluscs, and crustaceans currendy under culture are presented in Table 2. Included are examples of bait, recreational, and food animals. 

Morgan, J., Cargill, C. and Groot, R. (2001) The efficacy of clove oils as anesthetic for decapod crustaceans. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada 101,2 7-31. 

Azamethiphos degrades rapidly in seawater and does not bioaccumulate. A study evaluated movement of azamethiphos after application in salmon aquaculture. Dye was added to aid tracking of plumes, and samples were analyzed for azamethiphos content as well as toxicity to a small crustacean. The results suggested that azamethiphos used under recommended conditions posed little contamination or nontarget toxicity potential. 

Aquaculture in ponds and other enclosures, and mariculture in enclosures in seawater, produce shellfish, crustaceans and fish for human consumption. It is therefore of vital importance (for the organisms and for the consumers) that the water quality is optimal, and regular testing is essential to prove that pollution is absent. BEWS are very suitable to carry out this task, as several test organisms belong to the same group as the cultured species mussels, oysters, clams and fish. There seems no reason why other BEWS could not perform in freshwater aquaculture systems as well. BEWS not only monitor the quality of the ambient water in aquaculture farms, but may also be used to optimize production. Stressed animals are less productive in terms of e.g. growth... 

The major food producing crustaceans that are presently aquacultured are various shrimp species, crayfish and lobsters (77). Pharmacokinetic studies of drugs have been done so far only in the lobster, but studies of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of some agricultural chemicals have been conducted in crab and crayfish species. 

Many of the contributions in this book are concerned with pheromones, i.e., chemical stimuli that are employed by crustaceans to attract conspecifics. However, chemical communication also includes substances that are used to repel other organisms. These repellents could be especially useful in the aquaculture context, e.g., to repel parasites or fouling organisms. Many crustaceans are parasites of commercially important fish species (e.g., salmon) and both traps and repellents could be used in controlling infection levels (e.g., Mordue and Birkett 2009). Similarly, barnacles are abundant fouling organisms in suspended structures or seawater systems and developing techniques to suppress their recruitment is one of the main motivations behind the identification of settlement factors (Clare, Chap. 22). 

Cultured and wild-caught crustaceans (especially shrimp) comprise one of the world s most valuable food commodities. As future protein resources become even scarcer, the intensification of aquaculture and fisheries activities is bound to increase. Research will become even more important in these areas (see Chap. 25). For example, manipulation of the MIH/ecdysteroid hormone axis is an obvious example of increasing growth rates. Attraction pheromones have the possibility of luring desired food species into traps. This mechanism could also be used for the control of invasive species pests (Hardege et al. 2002). 

The initial discovery of Kittredge et al. (1971) that the crustacean molting hormone crustecdysone could act as a pheromone spurred research in fish hormonal pheromones (Sorensen 1992). The advances in the understanding of fish pheromone systems with respect to the chemical identity of pheromones and applications in the management of invasive species and aquaculture can also stimulate further research into crustacean pheromones. Crustaceans have very diverse mating systems and it will be fruitful to examine more species with different mating systems to understand the evolution of the pheromones and their roles in speciation (Paterson 1978 Shine et al. 2002). In addition, many crustacean species are of great economic value. There are also similar problems with invasive crustacean species as have already been confronted with fish species. 

Chemical Communication and Aquaculture of Decapod Crustaceans Needs, Problems, and Possible Solutions... 

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