Aquaculture hatchery production

Sea cucumber aquaculture hatchery production, juvenile growth and industry challenges... 

This chapter reviews the production and use of microalgae within aquaculture hatcheries. The compositional diversity of microalgae is firstly discussed, with emphasis on the concentrations of nutritionally important... 

LEE c s (2003) Biotechnological advances in finfish hatchery production a review. Aquaculture, 227,439-458. 

RTTAK A and SMITH G G (2005) Hatchery production of southern rock lobster in Tasmania , Austasia Aquaculture, Febmary/March, 42-43. 

BELTON B, LITTLE D c and LE X SINK (2010) Pangasius catfish seed quality in Vietnam. Part 1. User and producer perceptions on broodstock and hatchery production. Aquaculture Asia, March-April, 36-39. 

ROWLAND s J (1986) Hatchery production of native warmwater fishes in New South Wales, in Pyne R (ed.). Advances in aquaculture the proceedings of a workshop, Darwin, 1986, Technical Report No. 3. Northern Territory, Rsheries Division, Department of Primary Industry Fisheries, 79-92. 

THURSTAN s and ROWLAND s j (1995) Techniques for the hatchery production of silver perch, in Rowland S J and Bryant C (eds). Silver perch culture proceedings of silver perch aquaculture workshops, Grafton and Narrandera, April, 1994. Sandy Bay Austasia Aquaculture, 29-39. 

Aquaculture hatcheries can be classified by the species they produce, namely finfish or shellfish. They are further delineated by the intended use of the product consumption, ornamental, baitfish, or habitat restoration. (Within the field of aquaculture there are also producers of aquatic plants, but this is not within the scope of this chapter.)... 

This book, edited by Geoff Allan and Gavin Burnell, is timely - since the necessity for efficient hatchery production for aquaculture and release has never been more important. These distinguished scientists have combined their own complementary practical and theoretical experience on the hatchery rearing of a wide variety of finfish and molluscs with that of a team of other authors working with other species and in other disciplines. 

The stocking of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs to increase the production of desirable fishes that depend on natural productivity for their food supply and are ultimately captured by recreational fishermen or for subsistence is another example of extensive aquaculture. Some would consider such practices as lying outside of the realm of aquaculture, but since the practice involves human intervention and often employs fishes produced in hatcheries, recreational or subsistence level stocking is associated with, if not a part of aquaculture. Similarly, stocking new ponds or water bodies which have been drained or poisoned to eliminate undesirable species prior to restocking, can lead to increased production of desirable species. 

Provision ofHve foods is currently necessary for the early stages of many aquaculture species because acceptable prepared feeds have yet to be developed. Algae is routinely cultured for the early stages of moUuscs produced in hatcheries. Once the moUuscs are placed in growout areas, natural productivity is depended upon to provide the algae upon which the shellfish feed. 

The selection of a suitable site for a hatchery is crucial to the cost of establishing and running the hatchery, and thus to the hatchery s economic efficiency. The better and more suitable the raw water quaUty is, the less water treatment is necessary, leading to a reduction in investment and running costs. Theoretically, hatcheries may also be established where the raw water sources are less than optimal, but these will require more water treatment, resulting in higher production costs. For sub-optimal sites, recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) are an alternative because the amount of raw water that has to be treated will be reduced. 

Microalgae, the microscopic plants present in oceans and waterways, are exploited as an indispensible food source for the commercial production of many aquaculture species. Within the hatchery environment, they are directly eaten by all growth stages of bivalves (broodstock, larvae, juveniles), post-set abalone, the larval stages of some crustacean species, and the very early developmental stages of some fish species. Microalgae are also used as feed to culture zooplankton (e.g. Anemia, rotifers, copepods) that are used as food for larval and juvenile stages of many fish and crustacean species. 

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