Livestock Aquaculture

However, the livestock feed market for astaxanthin, although presently small, will grow to a size comparable to the market for the synthetic compound, estimated at 185 million. The largest market for astaxanthin is aquaculture, which accounts for 24% of total global fisheries. Production is currently valued at 35 billion per annum and is expected to grow to 49 billion by 2010. 

Tetracyclines have been marketed since 1984, and, since discovery, some first-generation tetracyclines such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlorotetracychne have been extensively used in livestock and aquaculture, besides clinical use by humans. For human use, the second-generation tetracyclines doxycycline and minocycline have been prescribed to a great extent, and indeed prescription of the latter has steadily increased in the United States over the 2003-2005 period (Fig. 1.7). However, each of these tetracyclines is less than 0.5% of all the other 200 most prescribed dmgs. Tetracyclines are also prescribed to a good extent in several European countries (Fig. 1.6), with the exception of Italy and Denmark where per capita prescriptions are quite minimal, that is, <25 prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants (Molstad et ah, 2000). They are also widely used in animal husbandry where daily therapeutic doses of 40 mg tetracycline kg liveweight are typical (Kilhne et al., 2000). 

The major animal protein ingredients are all important feed ingredients for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and pet food diets throughout the world. Meat and bone meal (MBM), meat meal, and poultry byproduct meal (PBM) comprise the largest available quantities. Animal proteins contribute not only protein but are also excellent sources of amino acids, fat, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. Thus, when compared with other protein ingredients, multiple nutrients are derived from animal protein ingredient sources in addition to the protein and amino acids. 

Critical to the vitality of the U.S. soybean complex is the continued expansion of the livestock sector. For example, over the last ten years, poultry production in the United States grew only two-thirds of the world rate, and exports grew only one-fourth of the global rate. This indicates that poultry production is not only growing faster outside the United States, but new demand is being met by offshore producers, such as Brazil and China. China would source some of their soybeans from the United States, while Brazil will not. The challenge for the U.S. soybean industry is how to make U.S. soybeans and soybean meal a preferred input for the rapidly expanding livestock and aquaculture industries overseas. 

A relatively small number of environmental studies in the literature relate to tetracyclines. The sorption behavior of these drugs is characterized by persistence and low mobility and accounts for their superficial location in soil profiles and their paucity in runoff water. The enviromental fate of oxytetracycline used in aquaculture was extensively researched (cited by Boxall ). In these studies, oxytetracycline has been detected in wild fauna and in the sediment around flsh farms. Soil samples collected from regions with intensive livestock production in Germany " and the UK have been shown to contain tetracyclines, which possibly originate from manure. 

Some species are already used extensively as aquaculture feed [180], and algal facilities for biofuels or other industrial uses will soon produce a large excess of residual biomass. Some of this biomass can be added back into the media for subsequent cultures to recycle the nutrients, but it is also a rich source of protein that is valuable as a feed additive for both livestock and farmed fish. 

In the USA, more than 22,000 tonnes of antibiotics are produced annually. Around 40 % thereof are used as growth promoters in the livestock and aquaculture industry. In the meantime, an estimated 80% of all pigs, cattle and poultry are treated with antibiotics. 

Around one billion people are dependent on fish as their main protein source, and this number is likely to increase further (Becker and Focken, 1998), as the world population is increasing at an estimated annual rate of 2%. Aquaculture now provides more than 22% of all consumable aquatic products (Guillaume etal., 2001). Between 1987 and 1996, aquaculture production of food fish increased by 148% (Tomasso and New, 1999). In comparison, livestock meat and fisheries have grown yearly only by 3% and 1.6% respectively. Aquaculture is, at present, the only enlarging sector within the fishing industry and is also reputed to be the fastest growing food production sector in the world. 

Increased awareness from consumers and producers has resulted in calls for more responsible and sustainable aquaculture. Public opinion and regulation authorities in most export countries focus now on the misuse of antibiotics in aquaculture, and public attention has focussed on alternative production methods (Verbeeke, 2001 Feedinfo, 2005). Furthermore, the EU has banned all antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) from livestock production since January 2006, as the use of low level AGPs in animal feeds carries the possibility of resistance transfer from the bacterial community to species that are pathogenic in humans (Liem, 2004). 

This compendium provides an overview on the use of acidifiers in animal nutrition and their beneficial effects on livestock and in aquaculture. It contains a compilation of papers fi-om research institutes and the industry worldwide related to that topic. 

BOSMA R H and verdegem m c j (2011) Sustainable aquaculture in ponds Principles, practices and limits. Livestock Science, 139, 58-68. 

As a A6 desaturated co-3 PUFA, stearidonic acid (SDA) is also particularly interesting, not only for aquaculture, but for human and livestock nutrition as well. In mammals, the conversion rate of SDA to EPA is around 17-33% [42-44], while the conversion of ALA to EPA is much lower at 0.2-7% [45]. The low rate of conversion of ALA to EPA is believed to be due to the inefficient A6 desaturation step thus, consumption of SDA could effectively bypass this step and support more efficient accumulation of downstream VLCPUFA. As flsh use a similar pathway for converting... 

This chapter will discuss the use of geotextiles in the agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture industries. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, medicine, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life (www.afa.gov.tw, 2015). 

Geotextiles can be applied in the agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture industries. Geotextile applications include horticulture, agronomy, forestry, nursery, fishery, livestock, and aquaculture. 

Table 23.1 Summary of geosynthetics used in agriculture, livestock and aquaculture...

Geotextiles are a man-made product whose development and related applications will continuously increase. The use of geotextiles for agriculmre, livestock, and aquaculture has become popular and has replaced conventional agricultural and aquaculture processes. This new material has created new products and appUcations for the... 

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