Aquaculture disease

The worldwide demand for fish and shellfish as a major item of the human diet has led to an increase in the use of aquaculture. Disease is often a problem in culturing aquatic species, and has led to the perceived need for veterinary drugs for disease control. 

LIEN K-Y, LEE s-H, TSAI T-j, CHEN T-Y and LEE G-B (2009), A microfluidic-based system using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions for rapid detection of aquaculture diseases, Microfluid Nanofluid, 1,795-806. 

Intensive or extensive culture of aquatic animals requires chemicals that control disease, enhance the growth of cultured species, reduce handling trauma to organisms, improve water quality, disinfect water, and control aquatic vegetation, predaceous insects, or other nuisance organisms. The aquacultural chemical need for various species have been described for rainbow trout, Oncorhjnchus mjkiss (1) Adantic and Pacific salmon, Salmo and Oncorhjnchus sp. (2) channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus (3) striped bass, Morone saxatilis (4) milkfish, Chanos chanos (5) moUusks (6) penaeid (Penaeus sp.) shrimp (7) and a variety of other marine species (8). 

Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has been used worldwide in veterinary medicine and in aquaculture for the prevention and treatment of disease and as feed additives to promote growth. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) of OTC and relative substances as described by the US Food and Drug Administration [66] and European Union [67] are presented in Table 4. 

Vogan, C. L. and Rowley, A. F., Effects of shell disease syndrome on the hemocytes and humoral defense of the edible crab, Cancerpagurus, Aquaculture, 205, 237, 2002. 

Aquacide, herbicide/algicide for aquaculture in U.S., 3 215t Aquaculture, 3 182-208 culture systems, 3 190-198 diseases, 3 206-207 economics, 3 184-185 harvesting, processing, and marketing, 3 207-208... 

Some antibiotics are also used in horticulture to control contamination of micropropagation, plant tissue culture, and in controlling bacterial diseases of fruit trees (Levy, 1992 FaUdner, 1998). Commonly used in horticulture are cephalosporins, neomycin, novobiocin, polymyxin, and sulfaguanidine. More than 20 tons of streptomycin and tetracycline are used by the horticulture industry in the United States per annum. Substantial amounts of antibiotics are also used in aquaculture, whereby they are either directly added to the water (therapy) or as part of the feed, resulting in high concentrations in the water and adjoining sediments. An examination of the levels of use of various PPCPs for various purposes is outline next. 

Florfenicol is a fluorinated derivative of thiamphenicol developed in the United States for use exclusively in veterinary medicine. It has been approved for treatment of bovine respiratory disease in the United States (39). Florfenicol has been also recently approved in Japan for use by the aquaculture industry to prevent yellowtail disease. 

Dyes are used for numerous purposes including treatment of diseases. Dyes used as therapeutic agents can be classified in terms of their chemical structure into several groups—the triphenylmethane, phenothiazine, and acridine groups—that are all of interest to animal husbandry and aquaculture (Fig. 8.5). 

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