Aquaculture resistance

Several promising antibacterial compounds are available and may be considered for use in U.S. aquaculture. In addition to sarafloxacin, other quinolones, flumequine and oxolinic acid, are already registered in Europe. However, resistance to both of these compounds developed in bacteria in just a few years (20). Enrofloxacin, [95106-60-6], C22H22FN2O2, a quinolone product of Bayer A.G. (Germany), is also a candidate for aquaculture registration in Europe and may be considered for registration in the United States. 

Acid—base reactions, anhydrous hydrazine, 13 567-568 Acid Black 63, 6 559 Acid blue, herbicide/algicide for aquaculture in U.S., 3 214t Acid catalysis, deep-ultraviolet chemically amplified resists based on, 15 163-181 Acid catalysts, 10 493. See also Acidic catalysts... 

Linalool, 3 231, 232, 233 24 477, 495, 496, 500-503, 546 acid treatment of, 24 502 epoxidation of, 24 502 main producers of, 24 501 Linalool oxide, 24 502 Linalyl, 24 479 Linalyl acetate, 24 501 Linalyl alcohol, 24 500 Linalyl esters, 3 231 Linalyl oxide, 24 503 Lincomycin, registered for use in aquaculture in Japan, 3 221t Lincosamide, bacterial resistance mechanisms, 3 32t Lindane, 13 145-147... 

VDC polymer resistance to, 25 711 Small-molecule single-crystal structure determination, 26 423—425 Small molecules, mass spectrometry of, 15 666-667 Smallmouth bass aquaculture, 3 183 common and scientific names, 3 188t Small office home office (SOHO) markets, silica in, 22 376... 

Migliore L., E. Alessi, L. Busani, and A. Caprioli (2002). Effects of the use of flumequine in aquaculture Microbial resistance and sediment contamination. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 11 1-5. 

Nygaard B.T., B.T. Lunestead, H. Hektoen, J.A. Berge, and V. Hormazabel (1992). Resistance to oxytetracyline, oxolinic acid and furazolidone in bacteria from marine sediments. Aquaculture 104 31-36. 

Rhodes G., G. Huys, J. Swings, P. Mcgarm, M. Hiney, P. Smith, and R.W. Pickup (2000). Distribution of oxytetracycline resistance plasmids between aeromonads in hospital and aquaculture environments Implication of Tni 721 in dissemination of the tetracycline resistance determinant Tet A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 3883-3890. 

Huys, G., K. Bartie, M. Cnockaert, et al. 2007. Biodiversity of chloramphenicol-resistant mesophilic heterotrophs from southeast Asian aquaculture environments. Res. Microbiol. 158 228-235. 

For thousands of years, man was dependent upon the nature for various purposes and he used nature s ability for the treatment and remedies against different human diseases. The latest improvements in the science and technology explored the imtapped potentials of marine resources. The marine algal bioactive somces from Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta will provide potential drugs for treating drug/multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases of human as well as aquaculture can have profoimd effect on the health and economic status of nations. 

Guglielmetti, E., Korhonen, J. M., Heikkinen, J., MoreUi, L., and von Wrigh, A. (2009). Transfer of plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline in pathogenic bacteria from fish and aquaculture environments. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 293,28-34. 

Increased awareness from consumers and producers has resulted in calls for more responsible and sustainable aquaculture. Public opinion and regulation authorities in most export countries focus now on the misuse of antibiotics in aquaculture, and public attention has focussed on alternative production methods (Verbeeke, 2001 Feedinfo, 2005). Furthermore, the EU has banned all antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) from livestock production since January 2006, as the use of low level AGPs in animal feeds carries the possibility of resistance transfer from the bacterial community to species that are pathogenic in humans (Liem, 2004). 

L et al. (1993) Selection of Krasnodar common carp Cyprinus carpio) for resistance to dropsy principal results and prospects , Aquaculture, vol. Ill, pp. 7-20. 

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