Aquaculture compounds

Water Treatment Compounds. Like the disinfecting agents, several water treatment compounds are used in aquaculture. Of particular interest is potassium permanganate which is exempted from registration by EPA when used as an oxidizer or detoxifier and can control certain parasites, external bacteria, and possibly fungi (9). 

Several promising antibacterial compounds are available and may be considered for use in U.S. aquaculture. In addition to sarafloxacin, other quinolones, flumequine and oxolinic acid, are already registered in Europe. However, resistance to both of these compounds developed in bacteria in just a few years (20). Enrofloxacin, [95106-60-6], C22H22FN2O2, a quinolone product of Bayer A.G. (Germany), is also a candidate for aquaculture registration in Europe and may be considered for registration in the United States. 

Hong, W.S., Chen, S.X., and Zhang, Q.Y. et al. (2006). Sex organ extracts and artihcial hormonal compounds as sex pheromones to attract broodfish and to induce spawning of Chinese black sleeper (Bostrichthys sinensis Lacepede). Aquaculture Research 37, 529-534. 

However, the livestock feed market for astaxanthin, although presently small, will grow to a size comparable to the market for the synthetic compound, estimated at 185 million. The largest market for astaxanthin is aquaculture, which accounts for 24% of total global fisheries. Production is currently valued at 35 billion per annum and is expected to grow to 49 billion by 2010. 

Paul, J.D. and I.M. Davies. 1986. Effects of copper- and tin-based anti-fouling compounds on the growth of scallops (Pecten maximus) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 54 191-203. 

U.S. imports for consumption, 4 563t water treatment compound for aquaculture in U.S., 3 213t Calcium chloride dihydrate, physical properties of, 4 5571 Calcium chloride hexahydrate, physical properties of, 4 557t Calcium chloride monohydrate, physical properties of, 4 557t Calcium chloride production, use of aqueous hydrochloric acid in,... 

Fluorescein conjugates, 14 149 Fluorescein sodium, water treatment compound for aquaculture in U.S.,... 

Burks, S.L. Evaluation of the effectiveness of granular activated carbon adsorption and aquaculture for removing toxic compounds from treated petroleum refinery effluents, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory. U.S. EPA Report 600/2-81-067, 1981. 

For example, in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus) aquaculture ponds in the southeastern USA, some species of cyanobacteria produce earthy and musty metabolites such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) (Fig. 1). These compounds are rapidly absorbed across the gills of the catfish and accumulate in the flesh of the catfish, thereby rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. 

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of florfenicol have been described in goats (40), calves (41), and chickens (42). The efficacy of florfenicol in aquaculture has been also demonstrated against bacteria involved in some major fish pathologies, especially in salmon and trout (43, 44). Pharmacokinetic studies in Atlantic salmon indicated that the compound was well absorbed and distributed following oral administration (45). Tissue residue depletion studies after an oral daily administration of 10 mg/kg bw florfenicol in rainbow ftout at 10 C for 10 days showed that muscle/skin tissue contained 150 ppb drug at 15 days after the last dose (46). 

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