Aquaculture development

De Silva, S.S. Culture-based fisheries an underutilized opportunity in aquaculture development. Aquaculture, 221, 221, 2003. 

POORTENAAR c w, HOOKER s H and SHARP N (2001) Assessment of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi lalandi) reproductive physiology, as a basis for aquaculture development, Aquaculture, 201, 271-286. 

PILLAY T V R (1947) Planning of Aquaculture Development - an introductory guide. Rome UN Fish and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 

SINDERMANN, C.J. 1988. Disease problems created by introduced species. Pages 394-398 in C.J. Sindermann and D.V. Lightner (editors) Disease Diagnosis and Control in North American Marine Aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, Vol. 17. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

MCANDREW B and NAPIER J (2011), Application of genetics and genomics to aquaculture development current and future directions, / Agn c Sci, 149,143-151. 

The bulk of global production from aquaculture is utilized directly as human food, with pubhc aquaculture playing a minor role in many nations or being absent. Private aquaculture is not only about human food production, however. There is, in some regions, weU-developed private sector aquaculture involved in the production of bait and ornamental fishes and invertebrates. 

A key factor in obtaining binding support for aquaculture is development of a sound business plan. The plan needs to demonstrate that the prospective culturist has identified all costs associated with estabhshment of the faciUty and its day-to-day operation. One or more suitable sites should have been identified and the species to be cultured selected before the business plan is submitted. Cost estimates should be verifiable. Having actual bids for a specific task at a specific location eg, pond constmction, well drilling, building constmction, and vehicle costs helps strengthen the business plan. 

Most states now have an aquaculture coordinator, usually housed in the state department of agriculture, who can assist prospective aquaculturists in finding a path through the permitting process. Anyone considering development of an aquaculture faciHty should become educated on the permitting process of the state or nation in which the faciHty will be developed. In cases where the process is involved, it should be initiated weU in advance of the anticipated time of actual faciHty constmction. 

Most aquaculture faciUties release water constandy or periodically into the environment without passing it through a municipal sewage treatment plant. The effects of those efduents on natural systems have become a subject of intense scmtiny in recent years and have, in some instances, resulted in opposition to further development of aquaculture faciUties in some locales. There have even been demands that some existing operations should be shut down. 

Provision ofHve foods is currently necessary for the early stages of many aquaculture species because acceptable prepared feeds have yet to be developed. Algae is routinely cultured for the early stages of moUuscs produced in hatcheries. Once the moUuscs are placed in growout areas, natural productivity is depended upon to provide the algae upon which the shellfish feed. 

Aquaculturists may harvest, and even process their own crops, although custom harvesting and hauling companies are often available in areas where the aquaculture industry is sufficiently developed to support them. Some processing plants also provide harvesting and hve-hauling services. 

Several promising antibacterial compounds are available and may be considered for use in U.S. aquaculture. In addition to sarafloxacin, other quinolones, flumequine and oxolinic acid, are already registered in Europe. However, resistance to both of these compounds developed in bacteria in just a few years (20). Enrofloxacin, [95106-60-6], C22H22FN2O2, a quinolone product of Bayer A.G. (Germany), is also a candidate for aquaculture registration in Europe and may be considered for registration in the United States. 

Female sexual development and behaviour in mammals occurs by default and requires no ovarian secretion, and it is only in genetic males that the testis can secrete hormones which destroy this female pattern and superimpose that of the male. Sexual differentiation is not so well defined in fish, and larval exposure to both synthetic estrogens and androgens is widely used in aquaculture to produce monosex cultures. Endocrine disruption of sexual differentiation in fish may therefore reflect both the complexity and diversity of such processes between different species. Some care is required in use of the terms hermaphrodite and sex-reversal since a true hermaphrodite has both functional testes and ovaries and a sex-reversed fish is fully functional as its final sex—both produce the appropriate viable gametes. Such functional sex-reversal is not possible in mammals, but in some species of fish it is the normal developmental pattern. In most of the cases of hermaphroditism or sex-reversal reported in the non-scientific press, there is evidence only for a few ovarian follicles within a functional testis. This may be considered as feminisation or a form of intersex, and is very clearly endocrine disruption, but it is certainly neither sex-reversal nor hermaphroditism. In some cases the terms have even been used to infer induction of a single female characteristic such as production of yolk-protein by males. 

The detection and analysis, including quantification, of cyanobacterial toxins are essential for monitoring their occurrence in natural and controlled waters used for agricultural purposes, potable supplies, recreation and aquaculture. Risk assessment of the cyanobacterial toxins for the protection of human and animal health, and fundamental research, are also dependent on efficient methods of detection and analysis. In this article we discuss the methods developed and used to detect and analyse cyanobacterial toxins in bloom and scum material, water and animal/clinical specimens, and the progress being made in the risk assessment of the toxins. 

Ramon M, Fernandez M, Galimany E (2007) Development of mussel (Mytilus galloprovin-cialis) seed from two different origins in a semi-enclosed Mediterranean Bay (NE Spain). Aquaculture 264 148-159... 

Estrogens and progestogens are mainly used as growth promoters in animal farming, and for the development of single-sex populations of fish in aquaculture. Some naturally occurring sexual steroids such as estradiol, progesterone,... 

China. See also People s Republic of China acrylic fiber production in, 11.T89, 220 adhesive joint ventures, 1 526 advanced materials research, 1 696 aquaculture history, 3 183 aquaculture production, 3 189t ascorbic acid synthesis in, 25 754 demand for oil in, 23 530 nanocomposite development, 1 717 natural graphite in, 12 780 oil recovery program in, 23 534 olefin fiber production in, 11 243 production and consumption of regenerated cellulose fibers in,... 

Several commercial products for cyanobacteria control have been developed from decomposing barley straw constituents. Schrader recently tested two of these commercial products in the laboratory for their effect on the growth of P. peromata and found that neither commercial product was effective in inhibiting the growth of P. peromata, even at test concentrations greater than 100 times the label-recommended application rates. Commercial products containing SCP have also been developed recently and approved by the USEPA for use in aquaculture. However, recent efficacy... 

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