Land-based aquaculture

COLT J, SUMMERFELT s et al. (2008) Energy and resource consumption of land-based Atlantic salmon smolt hatcheries in the Padlic Northwest (USA). Aquaculture 280(1-4) 94-108. 

A land-based pond system can exist exclusively for the cultivation of macroalgae or can be combined with other aquatic species such as finfish or mollusks. The combined approach, referred as integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), offers the opportunity to capitalize on the fact that wastes from the fish can act as a supply of nutrients for the algae while the algae can act as a source of feed for the fish. In this way IMTA functions as a miniature and synergistic ecosystem consisting of a variety of species that all have commercial values. ... 

Given that the flesh fatty acid composition typically reflects the lipid composition of the diet, it becomes clear that direct substitution of fish oil with EPA and DHA-enriched oils may be the most effective means of meeting the co-3 VLCPUFA requirements of farmed fish. As described earlier, efforts to produce a sustainable land-based source of EPA and DHA are advancing rapidly however, the intensifying pressure on the global fish oil supply requires a multifaceted approach to address the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. To that end, the use of different feeding phases in fish production has been explored as a way to make the most efficient use of available dietary lipids (reviewed by [35]). These trials... 

It is not possible, at present, to provide either a detailed resource base assessment (e.g., potentially available water, land, or nutrient resources), or a detailed cost analysis of aquatic plant production. Thus, this review presents general concepts of aquatic biomass farming exemplified by three systems — microalgae farming for lipid fuel and chemicals production, cattail cultivation for conversion to alcohol fuels, and growing water hyacinths for methane gas generation. Wastewater aquaculture applications are not covered in this review nor are the actual conversion processes by which aquatic biomass would be converted to fuels. 

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