Oysters aquaculture

Oyster production shows a pattern similar to the rest of bivalve molluscs. Oyster aquaculture production is growing much faster than capture production corresponding to 96.5% of total production. While the oyster aquaculture production showed a constant increase during last years, the oyster capture production reached a plateau as the following tables show. In 2005, aquaculture production increased, reaching values of 4,615,400 tons, the total production being 4,781,545 tons. 

DONG Q X, HUANG c J and TIERSCH T R (2005) Spermatozoal ultrastructure of diploid and tetraploid Pacific oysters. Aquaculture, 249,487-496. 

Aquaculturists may elect to purchase animals for stocking or maintain their own broodstock and hatchery. The decision may rest on such factors as the availabihty and cost of fry fish, post-larval fish, oyster spat, or other eady life history stages in the location selected for the aquaculture venture. 

Davies, I.M., J.C. McKie, and J, D. Paul. 1986. Accumulation of tin and tributyltin from anti-fouling paint by cultivated scallops (Pecten maximum) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 55 103-114. 

Paul, J.D. and I.M. Davies. 1986. Effects of copper- and tin-based anti-fouling compounds on the growth of scallops (Pecten maximus) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 54 191-203. 

Pachnolite, 2 364t Pacific halibut, aquaculture, 3 189 Pacific oyster, common and scientific names, 3 188t... 

Other studies further indicate that the occurrence of endrin in the U.S. food supply is very low. In a 1990-91 FDA survey of pesticide residues in milk representing most of the U.S. supply consumed in metropolitan areas, endrin was detected at trace levels (0.0005-0.001 ppm [0.5-1.0 ppb]) in only 2 of 806 composite samples (one sample each from Atlanta, Georgia and Dover, Delaware) (Trotter and Dickerson 1993). In another statistically based FDA study in 1992-93, endrin was not found as a violative residue in any of 710 domestic or 949 imported pear samples (Roy et al. 1995). Endrin was not reported among the pesticides detected in a 1994 FDA survey of pesticide levels in 160 samples of catfish, crayfish, shrimp, trout, salmon, oysters, and various other species from important aquaculture areas of the United States (FDA 1995). Comparable results were found in similar studies conducted by the FDA in 1990-93 (FDA 1995). 

Molluscan shellfish play an important role in human nutrition and the world economy (Wild and Lehrer, 2005). Table 4.2 provides data on the worldwide production/catch of various molluscan shellfish species for 2005. The most widely available species are oyster, squid, clam, mussel, and scallop. Aquaculture has become an important contributor to the production of molluscan shellfish with the exception of the cephalopods. However, the popularity and frequency of consumption of various molluscan shellfish varies widely across various countries and cultures. Accurate information on comparative consumption patterns for molluscan shellfish in various countries does not exist. Molluscan shellfish are consumed as freshly cooked or even raw seafood items particularly in coastal communities. But mollusks also are consumed as processed foods in a variety of forms. 

Aquaculture in ponds and other enclosures, and mariculture in enclosures in seawater, produce shellfish, crustaceans and fish for human consumption. It is therefore of vital importance (for the organisms and for the consumers) that the water quality is optimal, and regular testing is essential to prove that pollution is absent. BEWS are very suitable to carry out this task, as several test organisms belong to the same group as the cultured species mussels, oysters, clams and fish. There seems no reason why other BEWS could not perform in freshwater aquaculture systems as well. BEWS not only monitor the quality of the ambient water in aquaculture farms, but may also be used to optimize production. Stressed animals are less productive in terms of e.g. growth... 

McCloy S and R. De Nys. 2000. Novel Technologies for the reduction of biofouling in shellfish aquaculture. In Fisheries N (ed) Flat Oyster Workshop, Sydney, p 19-23. 

Negri, A.P., Bunter, A., Jones, B. and Llewellyn, L. Effects of the bloom-forming alga Trichodesmium erythraeum on the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima. Aquaculture, 232(1 ), 91, 2003. 

Total production of bivalves, including aquaculture and capture, increased almost 117% from that in 1992. Total production in 2005 was 13.5 million tons. Aquaculture is growing much faster than capture production. In 2005, aquaculture accounted for over 87% of total bivalve production. Among species, the most important bivalve species are clams/cockles and oysters with 4.9 and 4.8 million tons, respectively, while scallops and mussels are less important with 2.0 and 1.9 million tons, respectively. Currently the aquaculture production of bivalves is centered on China [1]. Next, a brief description of main bivalve species production is reported. 

Among continents, Asia is the main aquaculture producer of oysters. China is the first among aquaculture producers in Asia. In 2005, its aquaculture production was 3,826,363 tons and accounted for over 87% of total Asian aquaculture production. The second major Asian aquaculture producer of oysters was Korea (251,706 tons) followed by Japan (218,896 tons). 

North America is the third aquaculture producer of oysters and the first capturer of oyster. The United States is the first North American aquaculture producer (76,511 tons). As for capture production, the United States capture production was 85,224 tons in 2005. The other great American producer of oysters, Mexico, reached 46,827 tons in 2005. 

Any other factors that may define the analytical requirements should also be considered. For example, when dealing with veterinary drug residue analysis, while the target tissue for domestically produced animals may be liver or kidney, these organ tissues are less commonly available as imported products. The majority of imported meat products are muscle tissue. Therefore, although the method has been validated for analysis of kidney for domestic samples, it is not fit for purpose for use on most import samples until it has also been validated for muscle tissue and possibly even some processed meat products. A method validated for the analysis of an aquaculture drug or natural toxin in oysters from domestic production may also, for example, require validation for shrimp or tilapia for application to imports. In addition, the requirement may include development of a... 

Mattson NS, Egidius E, Solbakken JE (1988) Uptake and elimination of (methyl O C)trichlorfon in blue mussel Mytilus edulis) and European oyster Ostrea et/w//5)-impact of Neguvon disposal on mollusc farming. Aquaculture 71 9-14... 

ALAGAESWAMI K, DHARMARAJ S, CHELLAM A and VELAYUDHAN T S (1989) Larval and juvenile rearing of black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus). Aquaculture, 76,43-56. 

BROWN M and Robert r (2002) Preparation and assessment of microalgal concentrates as feeds for larval and juvenile Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 207, 289-309. 

BROWN M R and mccausland m a (2000) Increasing the growth of juvenile Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas by supplementary feeding with microalgal and dried diets. Aquaculture Research, 31, 671-682. 

CHU F L E, DUPUY J L and WEBB K L (1982) Polysaccharide composition of 5 algal species used as food for larvae of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture, 29,241-252. 

EHTESHAMI F, CHRISTIANUS A, RAMESHI H, HARMIN S A and SAAD C R (2011) The effects of dietary supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acid on pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera L., gonad composition and reproductive output. Aquaculture Research, 42, 613-622. 

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