Aquaculture industry

Aquaculturists may harvest, and even process their own crops, although custom harvesting and hauling companies are often available in areas where the aquaculture industry is sufficiently developed to support them. Some processing plants also provide harvesting and hve-hauling services. 

Florfenicol is a fluorinated derivative of thiamphenicol developed in the United States for use exclusively in veterinary medicine. It has been approved for treatment of bovine respiratory disease in the United States (39). Florfenicol has been also recently approved in Japan for use by the aquaculture industry to prevent yellowtail disease. 

Oxolinic acid, a first-generation quinolone, has been authorized for use in fin fish, calves, swine, and poultry by the oral route. It may be given with the feed, the drinking water, or as a bolus. In 1991, 11.4 tons of oxolinic acid in addition to 5.7 tons of flumequine were used by the Norwegian aquaculture industry (187). 

Louisiana s crayfish industry comprises the largest ccnroercial crustacean aquaculture industry in the United States with an annual harvest exceeding 45 million kg and is increasing (1). 

As shown in Table 34.8, the oil content of row crop oilseeds varies from about 19 percent for soybean to 43 percent for sunflowerseed, and 41 to 45 percent for rapeseed/canola. More feed coproducts always are produced than oils, with a ratio 4 1 in the case of soybean. Soybean meal is the major feed protein source for production of poultry, currently the leading domestic and global meat source, and in the rapidly developing aquaculture industries. 

Among the agricultural industries, aquaculture is the fastest growing sector and is expected to grow into a 40 billion/year industry by the year 2000 (7). In the 1980 s there was tremendous growth in the salmon and shrimp aquaculture industries. Salmon aquaculture increased from about 10,000 metric tons in 1980 to 300,000 metric tons in 1991 and may reach 500,000 metric tons in 1995. Much of the growth in aquaculture will occur in developing nations, and should contribute to the health of their economies. 

The growth of the aquaculture industry has created a relatively large market for... 

Biofouling is a major economic and management problem for the aquaculture industry which been managed in the past by the use of toxic chemicals (biocide) that have had serious environmental repercussions (Me Cloy and De Nys, 2000). 

Critical to the vitality of the U.S. soybean complex is the continued expansion of the livestock sector. For example, over the last ten years, poultry production in the United States grew only two-thirds of the world rate, and exports grew only one-fourth of the global rate. This indicates that poultry production is not only growing faster outside the United States, but new demand is being met by offshore producers, such as Brazil and China. China would source some of their soybeans from the United States, while Brazil will not. The challenge for the U.S. soybean industry is how to make U.S. soybeans and soybean meal a preferred input for the rapidly expanding livestock and aquaculture industries overseas. 

Sola 1993 Huertas et al. 2008), suggest that chemical communication could be involved at key stages of their life history, such as the migration across the Atlantic Ocean and complex reproductive processes. Knowledge of eel olfaction could be included in hatchery operation protocols for the aquaculture industry or restoration of European eel. For example, sex pheromones, when identified, could potentially be used to induce reproduction under artificial conditions and produce offspring in a hatchery. Under such conditions the cultured animals could be used in the restocking of eel in European waters or reduce the needs for commercial fishing. 

In the USA, more than 22,000 tonnes of antibiotics are produced annually. Around 40 % thereof are used as growth promoters in the livestock and aquaculture industry. In the meantime, an estimated 80% of all pigs, cattle and poultry are treated with antibiotics. 

Aquaculture production differs greatly between countries due to different retail opportunities, climatic zones and local conditions as well as the types of farmed animals, leading to diverse production practices and a variety of impacts on the ecosystem. Williams et al. (2000) deseribed certain targets required for the aquaculture industry if... 

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