Aquaculture challenges

ADAMS A and THOMPSON K D (2011) Development of diagnostics for aquaculture challenges and opportunities, Aquacult Res, 42, 93-102. 

Proposed aquaculture applications of degradable polymers include seaweed culture nets, fishing nets and lines, and temporary structures used for restoration of wet lands, beaches or other marsh areas [11-14], Weathering and hydrolysis are the most common degradation mechanisms encountered in aquatic applications. Continually submerged articles pose special challenges since temperatures are low and photodegradation and oxidation effects are limited. 

Fish. It is estimated that at least 130 aquaculture species are being cultivated. Even so, today s emerging industry already deals with far more species than the economic land animals and pets combined. Each species offers a potential challenge in unravelling a unique combination of metabolic pathways and nutrient needs. Fish are cold blooded, and are at one with their water environment in temperature and disposal of metabolic wastes. 

Critical to the vitality of the U.S. soybean complex is the continued expansion of the livestock sector. For example, over the last ten years, poultry production in the United States grew only two-thirds of the world rate, and exports grew only one-fourth of the global rate. This indicates that poultry production is not only growing faster outside the United States, but new demand is being met by offshore producers, such as Brazil and China. China would source some of their soybeans from the United States, while Brazil will not. The challenge for the U.S. soybean industry is how to make U.S. soybeans and soybean meal a preferred input for the rapidly expanding livestock and aquaculture industries overseas. 

Due to high diversity in aquacultured species, no unique directive concerning disease control exists. For example, rules set up for fish species may not apply to molluscs, and little is known on how disease can be transmitted from one species to another. Establishment of cryobanks where several aquatic species will be stored together is therefore a new challenge for sanitary regulation (Hersch and Jenkins, 2003). Beyond existing work to... 

SORGELOOS p (1999) Challenges and opportunities for aquaculture research and development in the next century. World Aquaculture 30(3) 11-15. 

The greatest bottleneck to closed-cycle aquaculture production of Palinurid lobsters is the lack of a robust commercially viable hatchery technology, which is primarily due to the unusual nature of their larval cycle (Section 9.1.3). The development of such technology is arguably one of the most challenging engineering and biological endeavours in aquaculture. 

WYBAN J A, WHnE B and LiGHTNER D (2005) TSV Challenges advance selective breeding in Pacific white shrimp. Global Aquaculture Advocate 7(6) 40-41. 

Jellyfish present both opportunities and challenges for the aquaculture industry. They can produce economic gains or losses. In the first section, we review the fisheries and culture of jellyfish for human food, multi-miUion-dollar industries with markets currently centered in Asia. Interest in jellyfish has increased around the world in recent decades, both for public aquarium exhibition, where they offer economic and educational opportunities, and for scientific study, because the problems jellyfish cause have increased in coastal waters. Thus, in the second section, we present guidelines for culture conditions and tank construction for display or study of 27 jellyfish species. Although some jellyfish species benefit human health and economics, most are considered to be harmful, resulting in many millions of dollars in costs annually. Human problems with jellyfish include stinging and the costs associated with prevention, treatment, and loss of tourism. 

Sea cucumber aquaculture hatchery production, juvenile growth and industry challenges... 

Dr Gavin J. Partridge Australian Centre for Applied Aquaculture Research Challenger Institute of Technology 1 Fleet St Fremantle WA 6160 Australia... 

A particular challenge that faces fisheries scientists in their role as advisers to government, industry, and the public is that prediction of fish stocks in fisheries and of risk assessment in aquaculture tend to be complicated by the fact that most of the factors involved are interactive. It is therefore important that the fisheries scientist, in communicating findings and making recommendations, ought to qualify and quantify the uncertainty associated with both the findings and the recommendations. 

Chuenpagdee, R., Degnbol, P., Bavinck, M., Jentoft, S., Johnson, D., Pullin, R., et al. (2005). Challenges and concerns in capture fisheries and aquaculture. In J. Kooiman et al. (Eds.), Fish for life - Interactive governance for fisheries (pp. 25-37). Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press. 

NINAWE A s and selvin j (2009), Probiotics in shrimp aquaculture avenues and challenges , Crit Rev Microbiol, 35,43-66. 

Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella piscicida, also named Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida is one of the major diseases in many species of wild and farmed fish in Asia, USA and Europe. The pathogen is causing disease in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiatd) aquaculture in Japan (Kawakami et al. 1998). Vaccination with an LPS-mixed chloroform-killed bacterin resulted in protection against challenge with the virulent bacterium. Inclusion of FCA in the vaccine did not significantly enhance the protective effect (Kawakami et al. 1998). 

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