Aquaculture shrimps

Intensive or extensive culture of aquatic animals requires chemicals that control disease, enhance the growth of cultured species, reduce handling trauma to organisms, improve water quality, disinfect water, and control aquatic vegetation, predaceous insects, or other nuisance organisms. The aquacultural chemical need for various species have been described for rainbow trout, Oncorhjnchus mjkiss (1) Adantic and Pacific salmon, Salmo and Oncorhjnchus sp. (2) channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus (3) striped bass, Morone saxatilis (4) milkfish, Chanos chanos (5) moUusks (6) penaeid (Penaeus sp.) shrimp (7) and a variety of other marine species (8). 

Marine shrimp, world aquaculture production in 1996, 3 186t Mariposite, 6 47 It Maritime reactors, 17 591 Marjoram, 23 168... 

Pelletizing, in pyrometallurgy, 16 140 Pelouze reaction, 17 227 Peltier effect, 21 555 24 428 Pelton wheel turbine, 26 85 Pemanent Red 2B, Strontium Salt, pigment for plastics, 7 366t PEM fuel cell (PEMFC), 12 202-203 PEN, 10 222. See also Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN) Penaeid shrimp, aquacultural chemical needs, 3 209... 

Adapted from Nemati K, Baker NKA, Abas MRB, Sobhanzadeh E, Low KH. Comparison of unmodified and modified BCR sequential extraction schemes for the fractionation of heavy metals in shrimp aquaculture sludge from Selangor, Malaysia. Environ. Mont. Assess. 2011 176 313-320. 

Other studies further indicate that the occurrence of endrin in the U.S. food supply is very low. In a 1990-91 FDA survey of pesticide residues in milk representing most of the U.S. supply consumed in metropolitan areas, endrin was detected at trace levels (0.0005-0.001 ppm [0.5-1.0 ppb]) in only 2 of 806 composite samples (one sample each from Atlanta, Georgia and Dover, Delaware) (Trotter and Dickerson 1993). In another statistically based FDA study in 1992-93, endrin was not found as a violative residue in any of 710 domestic or 949 imported pear samples (Roy et al. 1995). Endrin was not reported among the pesticides detected in a 1994 FDA survey of pesticide levels in 160 samples of catfish, crayfish, shrimp, trout, salmon, oysters, and various other species from important aquaculture areas of the United States (FDA 1995). Comparable results were found in similar studies conducted by the FDA in 1990-93 (FDA 1995). 

Soybean meal is used effectively in the formulation of pet foods, particularly for dogs, where simple corn-soybean meal mixtures perform as well as complex diets containing high levels of animal protein, and at substantially lower cost (4). Rapid growth in aquaculture over the last 10-15 years has resulted in significant new opportunities for utilization of soybean meal in finfish and shrimp diets. Whether additional heat processing of soybean meal to further reduce levels of antinutri-tional factors or supplementation with lysine or methionine or both is beneficial to performance appears to be species dependent (4, 6). 

Hose JE, Lightner DV. 1980. Absence of formaldehyde residues in Penaeid shrimp exposed to formalin. Aquaculture 21 197-201. 

As the world s fisheries have declined, attention has turned to aquaculture. For it to be sustainable in the future, current problems of replacement of mangroves by ponds, use of wild fish as feed, pollution from wastes, escapes of exotic species or varieties, and the short lifetimes of ponds, must be solved.87 Shrimp and salmon farming have many of these problems. It would be better to farm herbivorous fish. 

Kautsky, N., Ronnback, P., Tedengren, M. and Troell, M. (2000) Ecosystem perspectives on management of disease in shrimp pond farming. Aquaculture, 191, 145-161. 

Nielsen, O.I., Macintosh, DJ. and Kristensen, E. (2003a) Development of benthic metabolism and sulfur dynamics in deposited shrimp pond waste used as substratum for mangrove seedlings, (submitted to Aquaculture). 

The major food producing crustaceans that are presently aquacultured are various shrimp species, crayfish and lobsters (77). Pharmacokinetic studies of drugs have been done so far only in the lobster, but studies of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of some agricultural chemicals have been conducted in crab and crayfish species. 

Among the agricultural industries, aquaculture is the fastest growing sector and is expected to grow into a 40 billion/year industry by the year 2000 (7). In the 1980 s there was tremendous growth in the salmon and shrimp aquaculture industries. Salmon aquaculture increased from about 10,000 metric tons in 1980 to 300,000 metric tons in 1991 and may reach 500,000 metric tons in 1995. Much of the growth in aquaculture will occur in developing nations, and should contribute to the health of their economies. 

Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid produced from microalgae that is produced commercially. Astaxanthin is ubiquitous in nature, especially in the marine environment, and is responsible for eliciting the pinkish-red hue to the flesh of salmonids, shrimp, lobster and crayfish. Cultivation methods have been developed to produce Haematococcus containing 1.5-3.0% astaxanthin by dry weight, with potential applications as a pigment source in aquaculture, poultry feeds and in the nutraceutical area. " ... 

Traditionally, in the Philippines and other Asian countries, brackish water aquaculture of miUdish (Figure 37.4) (Chanos chanos) and penaeid species of marine shrimp relies on the growth of benthic cyanobacterial mats (lablab), which contain a complex community of filamentous and unicellular cyanobacteria as well as diatoms (Figure 37.5). Farmers traditionally encourage the... 

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