Aquaculture considerations

Despite the attractions of economic forces driving environmental protection, some cautions and failures have been noted. Firstly, the export of hazardous waste to countries where costs for treatment are lower enhances environmental risks during transport and has the potential for transboundary export in the event of pollution. At the same time, the loss of raw material may deprive the home market of an adequate supply of feedstock for the home-based industry. Secondly, there is considerable scepticism that self-regulation of TBT-based antifoulants could be achieved in a timely manner by the shipping industry. This is an instance where the cost benehts to one industry are born by another commercial sector, notably aquaculture. Thus, protection of the marine environment is likely to be aided by economic factors but the role of government, via taxation and standard setting, is not likely to be usurped. Public education and, in turn, pressure, can promote and support corporate environmentalism. 

Further evaluation of SeaKleen and other water-soluble derivatives of 9,10-anthraquinone for use as selective algicides in catfish aquaculture will require additional research such as determining the environmental fate of these quinone-based algicides and whether there is any potential accumulation in the flesh of channel catfish. In addition, studies required by the USEPA for the consideration of the approval of quinone-based algicides in food-fish production ponds will require at least several more years. 

It is unknown for several species that how they were introduced into the Baltic Sea, although shipping is assumed to be the most dominating vector of species introduction, followed by aquaculture activities. In order to explain why so many species invaded the Baltic Sea, following arguments come into consideration ... 

Mercury can be substantially be remobilized due to the change in the land-use, in particular in areas naturally elevated in mercury and in areas previously polluted by mercury. Such activities include farmland, clear cutting and water reservoirs (hydroelectric, aquaculture, irrigation). These activities may considerably enhance the release of mercury to aquatic systems and the bioaccumulation of mercury in organisms. There is a growing body of evidence... 

Nitrofurans are banned substances within the EU and in some other countries because of their mutagenic and geno-toxic characteristics. Nitrofuran metabolites are still found, primarily in aquaculture products originating from Southeast Asia, with SEM (the metabolite of nitrofurazone) having the highest incidence. Methods for detecting residues of nitrofurans aim for protein-bound metabolites that may persist in tissues for considerable periods after treatment. Methods are reported for the detection and identification of nitrofuran metabolites in many different food products. The main difficulty in nitrofuran metabolite analysis is the low selectivity of SEM as a marker metabolite of nitrofurazone. Several other possible sources of SEM have been identified and investigated, the most important of which is the use of... 

The production of methyl soyate for environmentally friendly solvents and for biodiesel fuel (in the USA) is becoming a significant outlet for soy oil in non-food applications. Further progress in the demand for soy biodiesel will result in additional soybean meal supphes, which will considerably increase soy meal competitiveness as feedstock for hvestock farming and aquaculture. 

TiERSCH T R and JENKINS j A (2003) Biosecurity and regulatory considerations for transfer of cryopreserved sperm and early life stages of aquatic species, in Lee C-S and Bryen O (eds). Biosecurity in Aquaculture Production Systems Exclusion of Pathogens and Other Undesirables. Baton Rouge, LA World Aquaculture Society, 171-198. 

SUANTIKA G, DHERT p, NUEHUDAH M and SORGELOOS p (2000) High-deusity production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in a recirculation system consideration of water quality, zootechnical and nutritional aspects. Aquacultural Engineering 21 201-214. 

Important considerations for educational programs that utilize aquaculture... 

In the aquacultural context, fisheries science helps to increase the aquacultural contribution to the food supply while also developing new methods of production and improved cultural practices for selective species. These production and cultural concerns include environmental, ecological, and disease considerations, selective breeding, feeding, processing, and marketing. 

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