Equipment ancillary

In addition to the chemical reactor, certain other ancillary equipment must be included in a final design and/or for the operation of the overall process. These include  

Operating controls and safety instrumentation must be included in the final overall design of a reaction unit. Proper controls can help lead to operation at optimum conditions (high conversion at minimum operating cost) and reduce the possibility and extent of downtime. Safety instrumentation can reduce and/or eliminate explosion possibilities. 

The operation of a reactor unit requires that the controls keep the system operating within an appropriate operating envelope. The envelope is based on many of the design, process, and (possibly) regulatory constraints. Additional controls may be installed to operate additional equipment needed for energy recovery, neutralization, or product(s) concentration. The control system should also be designed to vary one or more of the process variables to maintain the appropriate conditions for the reactor. These variations are programmed into the system based on the past experience of the unit manufacrnred. The operational parameters that may vary include the flow rate, any system airflow rate, temperatures, and system pressure. 

Duct and/or piping are necessary to deliver and discharge the process streams. The extent of the ductwork primarily depends on the location of the reactor relative to the main process and auxiliary equipment. Excessive ductwork can contribute significantly to the capital cost of the unit. In addition, it can lead to safety problems because of any potential condensation, even if it is insulated process steam piping can also be a concern. Drainage piping often comes into play. 

A fitting is a piece of equipment that has for its function one or more of the following  

The most common conduits for fluids are pipes and tubing. Both liave circular cross sections, but pipes tend to have larger diameters and thicker walls. Because of the heavier walls, pipes can be threaded, while tubing cannot. Process systems usually handle large flow rates that require the larger diameters associated with pipes. 

Ducts are most often constructed of field-fabricated galvanized sheet steel, although other materials such as fibrous glass board, factoiy-fabricated round fibrous glass, spiral sheet metal, and flexible duct materials are becoming increasingly popular. Other duct construction materials include black steel, aluminum, stainless steel, plastic and plastic-coated steel, cement, asbestos, and copper. 

In safety applications, the corrosion resistance of the duct materials deserv es special consideration. Since material costs generally increase along with corrosion resistance, the selection of material must be determined by the desired life span in the anticipated environment this environment is a function of the characteristics of the chemical being processed and the operating conditions of the reactor. For maximum resistance to moisture or corrosive gases, stainless steel and copper are used where their cost can be justified. Aluminum sheet is used Avhere lighter weight and superior resistance to moisture are needed. 

The joining of two pieces of straight pipe (e.g., couplings and unions) 

In this section we discuss some methods which are used in order to rapidly establish a nonequilibrium situation for real time experiments. 

A thermostated block with a sample holder consisting out of two copper discs which are pressed against a polymer foil is shown in Fig. 35. A 100 pm thick Beryllium sheet is used to ensure thermal contact. For a temperature jump of 7 °C, several minutes were necessary to reach thermal equilibrium. 

A different design is shown in Fig. 36. Here the sample is fixed within a brass-holder which is pushed by a piston into the heating block which is fixed inside a vacuum chamber (Fig. 25). The heating block consists out of two copper blocks 

Sample holder for polymer foils made of brass (left picture) The sample is covered by Aluminium foil to ensure thermal contact. A 0.25 mm thick thermocouple is embedded into the sample. For rapid heating the sample holder is driven by a piston into the preheated heating block (right picture). The separation of the heating block into two parts allows the block to clamp the sample holder thus ensuring thermal contact. Cooling is possible by pressurized air. The beam passes through the 8 mm bore. 

Selected wide angle scattering diagramms corresponding to Fig. 37. The first diagramms show only scattering due to liquid polyethylene. 

TSI Aerodisperser is designed to ensure that particles are properly separated from each other, even in the sub.pm region, by eontrolling the applied shear forces. 

TSI Aero-Dilution model enables high concentrations of powders and aerosols to be analyzed. Since only a small sample is required (typically 0.1 g) it is particularly useful for expensive or research material. 

TSI Aero-breather has been developed for sampling dry powder inhalers. Barr and Cheng [147] have carried out an evaluation of this instrument. 

Naqui et. al. [153] describe a phase Doppler technique, for measuring particle velocity and statistcal information about particle size of irregular particles, based on a phase shift signal. The technique works on near back-scatter which leads to a robust set-up under conditions of limited optical access. Preliminary measurements in a crystallizer were presented and good agreement with TSI Aerodynamic particle sizer was found. 

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Economic Considerations. The principal economic consideration is, of course, total installed system cost, including the initial cost of the flow primary, flow secondary, and related ancillary equipment as well as material and labor required for installation. Other typical considerations are operating costs and the requirements for scheduled maintenance. An economic factor of increasing importance is the cost of disposal at the end of normal flow meter service life. This may involve meter decontamination if hazardous fluids have been measured. 

FIG. 22-55 Typical capital-cost schematic for membrane equipment showing trade-off for membrane area and mechanical equipment. Lines shown are from families for parallel hues showing hmiting costs for membrane and for ancillary equipment. Abscissa Relative membrane area installed in a typical membrane process. Minimum capital cost is at 1.0. Ordinate Relative cost. Line with positive slope is total membrane cost. Line with negative slope is total ancillary equipment cost. Curve is total capital cost. Minimum cost is at 1.0. 

For additional details on the design of blowdown drums, cyclone separators, and quench tanks, such as mechanical design, thrust forces, ancillary equipment, and safety considerations, refer to the books and articles listed in the General References. 

The units and ancillary equipment must be protected from mechanical damage and the effects of weather to ensure the reliable operation of an impressed current station. This is achieved by installing it in a weatherproof plastic housing (see Fig. 8-2). Sufficient ventilation must be provided to disperse heat. The ventilation holes should be protected with brass gauze to keep out animals. Transformer-rectifier units must be connected to a circuit that is continuously energized, especially if they are in a building where the current is turned off at night, e.g., gas stations that are not open for 24 h. 

Another significant factor in a reliable operation is the basic application of the equipment. One could hope that the previous chapters have helped you avoid some of the application pitfalls. It is certainly true that no matter how well a compressor or its ancillary equipment is designed, if it is not properly applied, the results can be disastrous. 

Ozonation systems are comprised of four main parts, including a gas-preparation unit, an electrical power unit, an ozone generator, and a contactor which includes an off-gas treatment stage. Ancillary equipment includes instruments and controls, safety equipment and equipment housing, and structural supports. The four major components of the ozonation process are illustrated in Figure 8. 

The annualized fixed cost of the adsorption column along with its ancillary equipment (e.g., regeneration, materials handling, etc.) is estimated to be about 90,000/yr. Therefore, the TAC for the interception system is 119,000/yr. 

Some important factors regarding a safe plant can be better understood if the reader is familiar with such process equipment as reactors (Section 5.2), mass transfer units (Section 5.3), heat exchanges (Section 5.4), ancillary equipment (Section 5.5), environmental equipment (Section 5.6), and utilities (Section 5.7). Protective equipment is reviewed in Section 5.8. Process diagrams, which illustrate the various possible arrangements of plant equipment, valves, piping, and control systems, are presented in Section 5.9. Plant siting and layout are discussed in Section 5.10 - this last section illustrates the factors that can contribute to proper plant operation. 

Ancillary equipment consists of the support equipment, other than process equipment, needed for a plant to function properly. Pipes, valves, and primary movers (e.g., pumps) are included in this categoiy. ... 

The rig selection will dictate the basic layout of the pad. Based on the necessary area needed to support its functions, ancillary equipment may be added in space conservative measures. In addition to the placement of various stationary rig site components, other operations such as logging, trucking and subsequent completion operations must be provided for. The most environmentally sensitive design will impact the least amount of area, and in that it will be the most economic. Potential pad sites and access routes should be laid out on a topographic map prior to the actual survey. At this time, construction costs can be estimated and compared. Figure 4484 shows such a layout. The cost of building a location includes the cost of reclamation such as any remediation. 

With the basic rig layout defined, the ancillary equipment may be determined and laid out adjacent to the structures in place. Usually the access is determined where casing, mud and other equipment may be delivered without disturbance of the infrastructure. In the case where a crane (or forklift) is used, this may... 

Where water is used as a cooling medium for compressor and ancillary equipment it should be within the temperature and pressure levels prescribed by the compressor supplier and should be free from harmful impurities. The cooling water should have a low inlet temperature in order to assist in achieving a high volumetric efficiency in the compressor and to cool the air passing through the aftercooler to a temperature adequate for effective condensation of water vapor. 

Requirements for ancillary equipment, for example, water pumps, valves, piping, anti-vibration mountings, aftercoolers, dryers, intake filters and silencers, etc.). 

Copper and copper alloy pipes and tubes are used in large quantities both for conveying fresh and salt waters and in condensers and heat exchangers where fresh or salt waters are used for cooling. Pumps, screens, valves and other ancillary equipment may also be largely constructed of copper alloys. Large tonnages of these materials are therefore used in power stations, on... 

Plants handling aqua regia Aqua regia is used extensively in the extraction and refining of the precious metals, and tantalum, as one of the few metals resistant to this medium, is used for dissolution/evaporation pans, reactor lids and all immersed ancillary equipment. 

The length of the instrument from the slit to the end of the plate holder is about 1.2 metres, and it is supported on a massive base which raises the optical parts about 30 cm above bench level. An optical bar of steel is attached to the base of the instrument, from which it projects about 90 cm it is parallel with the optical axis. The bar serves to carry lenses, an arc and spark stand (Gramont stand) for holding samples, and other ancillary equipment. 

Conduct exploratory and engineering activities in the methods and technology of manufacture as applied to assigned commodities and their components, materials and ancillary equipment except projectile metal parts which are the responsibility of Frank ford Arsenal, and specified elements of chemical items which are the re-sponsibility of Edge wood Arsenal. This is to include support of plant/facilities modernization within ARMCOM, abatement of environmental contamination caused by manufacturing processes and exploitation of automation techniques... 

Ensure that the actual instrument configuration conforms to what is written under Experimental supplier, models, modifications, consumables (HPLC or GC columns, gaskets, etc.), and software for the main instrument, peripherals (injectors, integrators, computers, printers, plotters, etc.), and ancillary equipment (vortexer, dispensers, balances, centrifuges, filters, tubing, etc.). 

Pipe runs are normally made up from lengths of pipe, incorporating standard fittings for joints, bends and tees. Joints are usually welded but small sizes may be screwed. Flanged joints are used where this is a more convenient method of assembly, or if the joint will have to be frequently broken for maintenance. Flanged joints are normally used for the final connection to the process equipment, valves and ancillary equipment. 

The weight of the pipes, their contents, insulation and any ancillary equipment. 

Loads imposed by the operation of ancillary equipment, such as relief valves. 

Ancillary equipment attached to a tall vessel will subject the vessel to a bending moment if the centre of gravity of the equipment does not coincide with the centre line of the vessel (Figure 13.21). The moment produced by small fittings, such as ladders, pipes and manways, will be small and can be neglected. That produced by heavy equipment, such as reflux condensers and side platforms, can be significant and should be considered. The moment is given by ... 

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