Sheet-metal

Epoxy resins are also used in special appHcations, such as an overlaying procedure requiring a durable, heat-resistant bond of a difficult-to-bond overlay on a wood-base panel substrate. Metal sheets used as overlays, for example, often require an epoxy adhesive. 

Other Industrial Applications. High pressures are used industrially for many other specialized appHcations. Apart from mechanical uses in which hydrauhc pressure is used to supply power or to generate Hquid jets for mining minerals or cutting metal sheets and fabrics, most of these other operations are batch processes. Eor example, metallurgical appHcations include isostatic compaction, hot isostatic compaction (HIP), and the hydrostatic extmsion of metals. Other appHcations such as the hydrothermal synthesis of quartz (see Silica, synthetic quartz crystals), or the synthesis of industrial diamonds involve changing the phase of a substance under pressure. In the case of the synthesis of diamonds, conditions of 6 GPa (870,000 psi) and 1500°C are used (see Carbon, diamond, synthetic). 

Laminated MMCs. There are three types of laminated MMCs (/) metallic matrix-containing fibers oriented at different angles in different layers, similar to that of polymeric laminates (2) two or more different metallic sheets bonded to each other and (3) laminated metal/discontinuously reinforced MMC. 

In the case of the fibrous laminate not much work has been done, but it has been observed that a significant loss of stiffness in boron—aluminum laminate occurs when cycled in tension—tension (43,44). Also, in a manner similar to that in the laminated PMCs, the ply stacking sequence affects the fatigue behavior. For example, 90° surface pHes in a 90°/0° sequence develop damage more rapidly than 0° pHes. In the case of laminates made out of metallic sheets, eg, stainless steel and aluminum, further enhanced resistance against fatigue crack propagation than either one of the components in isolation has been observed (45). 

StiU another method used to produce PV cells is provided by thin-fiLm technologies. Thin films ate made by depositing semiconductor materials on a sohd substrate such as glass or metal sheet. Among the wide variety of thin-fiLm materials under development ate amorphous siUcon, polycrystaUine sUicon, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium teUuride. Additionally, development of multijunction thin-film PV cells is being explored. These cells use multiple layers of thin-film sUicon alloys or other semiconductors tailored to respond to specific portions of the light spectmm. 

Table Type This is a simple flat metal sheet with slightly upturned edges and jacketed on the underside for coolant flow. For many years this was the mainstay of food processors. Table types are still widely used when production is in small batches, when considerable batch-to-batch variation occurs, for pilot investigation, and when the cost of continuous devices is unjustifiable. Slab thicknesses are usually in the range of 13 to 25 mm (V2 to 1 in). These units are homemade, with no standards available. Initial cost is low, but operating labor is high.

Where wires or conductors may pass through a metal sheet, a rubber grommet, bushing or other mechanical protection should be provided to prevent the wires from insulation damage. 

Cellulose Acetate Butyrate H F F Molded with plasticizers Excellent moisture resistance-metallized sheets and film, automobile industry... 

There are many applications in which it is necessary to put a plastic coating on to paper or metal sheets and the extruder provides an ideal way of doing this. Normally a thin film of plastic is extruded from a slit die and is immediately brought into contact with the medium to be coated. The composite is then passed between rollers to ensure proper adhesion at the interface and to control the thickness of the coating (see Fig. 4.26). 

Flexible ducts (or tubes) and their pressure drops ar various flow rates both when extended and when compressed connection to metal sheet ducts. 

Ducts of other materials than metal sheet (plastic, glass fiber wool and aluminium sheet, ceramics, glass, etc.)... 

The housing is streamlined in design to give good air flow characteristics, ft may be of riveted welded or bolted metal sheets. The usual material is steel, although construction is available to meet corrosion conditions described for the wheel. 

Many finishes exhibit low maintenance requirements (e.g. plasticzed metallic sheeting, epoxy coatings, continuous tiling systems, etc.). Others may be more maintenance intensive and may provide lower durability. However, selection must also consider the other operating parameters such as acoustic performance (which may mandate heavier mass or more porous-surfaced materials) or load-bearing capabilities, etc. 

Insulation is widely used in laminate form with plasterboard, chipboard, cement board, and metal sheeting, etc. Applications are generally as lining board systems in buildings but prefabricated metal panels and ceiling tiles are also produced. 

To prevent this deterioration of the insulation, a vapour harrier is required across the warm face. This must he continuous and offer the hest possible harrier to the transmission of water vapour. The traditional vapour harrier was bituminous emulsion or hot bitumen, applied in two or more layers. More recent materials are heavy-gauge polythene sheet, metal foil and metal sheet. It is sometimes... 

Plate-type catalysts (PTCs) consist of metal sheets, metal net, or perforated metal plates with the catalytic species deposited onto, assembled in modules that are inserted into the reactor in layers [58, 59]. Several innovative structures have been reported. Figure 9.9 gives an example of a structure permitting some vibration of the individual plates, reducing possible blockage the plates are very thin, reducing the pressure drop. 

Fibrous structured catalysts consist of threads that are knitted or woven into fabrics, felts, cloths, and so on or are formed by chemical or mechanical processing of ceramic or metal sheets. Figure 9.2a,b shows typical examples. A review can be found in [66]. 

A metal sheet pressed against the wall in the unique cell compartment is used as the counter electrode. 

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