Fibrous glass

Fibrous composites Fibrous glass Fibrous materials Ficam... 

Glass (qv) was not used until the early 1800s as a constmction material. Prior to the 1930s the only use of glass for constmction was in windows. In the mid-1930s, fibrous glass was developed, which is widely used as an insulation material. 

Uses of glass in constmction products fit into three categories flat glass (window glass) fibrous glass and specialty glass products. Each is made by different processes and has different appHcations. 

Fibrous Glass. Fibrous glass is manufactured in two different forms, very fine intermingled fibers called insulation fibrous glass for insulation and fine but coarser fibers called continuous or textile fibers for reinforcement and other textile appHcations. Both products have constmction related apphcations. 

Fibrous glass insulation products require energy in their manufacture. However, it has been estimated that they save approximately 20 J per year for each joule used in production. In the United States in 1980, approximately 1.9 biUion of insulation fibrous glass was sold, which is over 1.4 biUion kg. 

Ferrous ammonium sulfate, 68 Ferrous cliloride, 68 Ferrous ferrite, 69 Ferrous salts, 69 Ferrous sulfate, 69 Fesil Group ASA, 196 Fibrous glass, 69... 

Ducts are most often constructed of field-fabricated galvanized sheet steel, although other materials such as fibrous glass board, factory-fabricated round fibrous glass, spiral sheet metal, and flexible duct materials are becoming increasingly popular. Other duct construction materials include black steel, aluminum, stainless steel, plastic and plastic-coated steel, cement, asbestos, and copper. 

Surface bonding mortar or cement is mentioned in some building codes as an approved dampproofing treatment, but not as a waterproofing treatment. A number of manufacturers produce cements and mortars impregnated with fibrous glass or other fibers. Some of these may be chemically unstable in the alkaline environment of Portland cement. 

Glass fibers, also called fibrous glass or fiberglass, were first commercially synthesized in the 1930s and have become one of the most versatile and widely disseminated materials in our culture. 

The fibrous glass used for insulation materials does not require starting materials of high purity. Beach sand, which consists largely of the mineral quartz, is easily obtainable and quite inexpensive. Alternatively, silicate slags or waste rock from mining can be melted and processed to create the products called rock-, slag-, and mineral-wool. Such materials are used for insulation. Where specific properties are desired, such as resistance to ultra-... 

Table 2.8 The Composition in Weight Percent of Fibrous Glasses...

To produce composites, a binder rather than a size is usually required. A variety of high-temperature, high-strength compounds now available facilitate comparability of the fibers with matrix compounds. Insulation fibrous glass has been paired with phenol formaldehyde resins and a mineral oil lubricant. The binder may be up to 12 percent by weight of the final product (Barnhart, 1976). The composite compositions are discretely different from those of textiles in which fiber coatings are usually less than 0.5 percent of the total. 

Barnhart, J. M. (1976). History of the uses/applications of fibrous glass, pp. 27-31. In Occupational Exposures to Fibrous Glass A Symposium. NIOSH, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 

Using in vivo techniques, natural and synthetic fibrous materials have been shown to induce fibrosis and carcinogenic responses that were directly related to dose, if the materials were placed on the target tissues. Chrysotile appeared to be more biologically active than the other UICC asbestos samples or fibrous glass, with particle size and shape having some influence on the response. In vitro experiments indicate that fibers can be cytotoxic and possibly mutagenic, increase the secretory activity of fibroblasts, and possibly initiate an immune cascade. 

Bertrand, R., and H. Pezerat (1980). Fibrous glass carcinogenicity and dimensional characteristics, pp. 901-911. In Wagner, J. C., ed. Biological Effects erf Mineral Fibers. Vol. 2, Pub. No. 30 of International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

Enterline, P. E., and V. Henderson (1975). The health of retired fibrous glass workers. Arch. Environ. Health 30 113-116. 

Gross, P. (1976). The effects of fibrous glass dust on the lungs of animals. Symposium on Occupational Exposure to Fibrous Glass. Pub. No. 76-151. National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, Washington, DC. 

Stanton, M. F., M. Layard, A. Tegeris, E. Miller, M. May, and E. Kent (1977). Carcinogenicity of fibrous glass pleural response in the rat in relation to fiber dimension. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 587—603. 

Stanton, M., and C. Wrench (1972). Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48 797—821. 

Unsaturated polyesters have been produced from reaction of ethylene glycol with phthalic anhydride, or maleic anhydride (structure 4.46). These polyesters may be dissolved in organic solvents and used as cross-linking resins for the production of fibrous glass-reinforced composites ... 

The most widely used graft copolymer is the styrene-unsaturated polyester copolymer (Equation 7.35). This copolymer, which is usually reinforced by fibrous glass, is prepared by the free radical chain polymerization of a styrene solution of unsaturated polyester. 

Different kinds of carbon-intense fibers are used, the most common being carbon and graphite fibers, and carbon black. As is the case with fibrous glass, surface voids are present. Carbon-intense fibers are often surface-treated with agents such as low molecular weight epoxy resins. Such surface treatments also aim at increasing the fiber-matrix adhesion. 

Core/dampening layer wrap-bidirectional fibrous glass... 

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