Polymer foil

A schematic cross-section of a p-i-n a-Si H solar cell [11] is shown in Figure 72a. In this so-called superstrate configuration (the light is incident from above), the material onto which the solar cell structure is deposited, usually glass, also serves as a window to the cell. In a substrate configuration the carrier onto which the solar cell structure is deposited forms the back side of the solar cell. The carrier usually is stainless steel, but flexible materials such as metal-coated polymer foil (e.g. polyimid) ora very thin metal make the whole structure flexible [11]. 

Different demands are placed on a pigment which is targeted for covered or laminated printing. In this technique, a reverse impression is printed onto a plastic film and laminated by means of one or two component adhesives, laminating resins and wax onto another substrate such as paper, aluminum foil, or polymer foil. These substances may adversely affect pigment performance. For high gloss applications, a normal impression is covered with a clear plastic film. 

Modified PTFE surfaces show a high degree of biocompatibility with good cell adhesion and proliferation [7-11], However, the UV-treatment results also in a loss of mechanical stability due to the scission of polymer chains, especially for light-sources with wavelengths below 193 nm [6], Similarly to the ion implantation or plasma modification, also the UV light-irradiation is performed on both sides of a polymer foils in order to avoid the material torsion. 

Fossil organic particles in situ usually release positive ions at masses 23,24, 39, 41, 54, 56 thus indicating Na, Mg, K and Fe. But other signals also occur (Fig. 19). The negative ion mass spectra are dominated by carbon clusters with zero, one or two hydrogen atoms attached. They resemble spectra obtained from polymer foils (Gardella et al., 1980)42> rather than those from coals and carbon films (Fiirstenau et al., 1979)43). Consequently, the material contains more long hydrocarbon chains rather than aromatic constituents. Peaks at m/e = 79 (benzylium) and 90 (tropylium) indicate aromatic constituents. Unspecific ions like CN, CNO, and Cl are commonly present (Fig. 11). 

The study aims at the development of a production line for readily manufactured reactors with integrated catalysts as marketable products. The archetype for such an online technology was found in continuous coating and mass-produce processes in the polymer industry for the production of non-woven textiles and foils. A typical scheme for the melt-coating of a polymer foil is shown in Figure 4.106 [165],... 

Figure 4.106 Scheme of a continuous melt-coating process of polymer foils 1, powder for coating 2, substrate unwinding 3, preheating ... 

A thermostated block with a sample holder consisting out of two copper discs which are pressed against a polymer foil is shown in Fig. 35. A 100 pm thick Beryllium sheet is used to ensure thermal contact. For a temperature jump of 7 °C, several minutes were necessary to reach thermal equilibrium. 

Fig. 35. Thermostated block and sample holder for polymer foils The holder consists of two copper discs...

Kg. 36. Sample holder for polymer foils made of brass (left picture) The sample is covered by Aluminium foil to ensure thermal contact. A 0.25 mm thick thermocouple is embedded into the sample. For rapid heating the sample holder is driven by a piston into the preheated heating block (right picture). The separation of the heating block into two parts allows the block to clamp the sample holder thus ensuring thermal contact. Cooling is possible by pressurized air. The beam passes through the 8 mm bore. 

Fig. 39. Arrangement of polymer foil and sample holder in the x-ray beam and in the hot air stream The sample holder can be rotated by an axis through the sp imen and perpendicular to the x-ray beam.

This method does, however, not take the expansion of the sample into account which represents a further systematic error as the beam is smaller than the polymer foil. 

With respect to the influence of the factors S, B and W in eq. (7.3), determination of the absolute activity A of a and emitters may cause problems, and thin samples and windowless counters are preferable for these radiations. Thin samples are obtained by electrical or vapour deposition on thin metal sheets or thin polymer foils. By use of windowless 2n- or 47c-proportional counters the influence of W can be neglected. Determination of absolute activities of y-ray emitters involves fewer problems, because the influence of the factors S, B and IF is, in general, negligible. 

Hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentane cyclopentene (T=151 C) Pd-Ru supported by polymer (foil) C=89% y=92% Gryaznov Karavanov, 1979... 

Table 1.3 Comparison of the three capacitor types, polymer foil, ceramic and electrolyte capacitor, with some examples of typical applications [263],...

Polymer foil capacitors Ceramic capacitors Electrolyte capacitors ... 

Figure 6.5 fJ-type CuSCN nanowires grown in polymer foil templates prepared by ion track etching. 

Chen J. and Konenkamp R. (2003), Vertical nanowire transistor in flexible polymer foil , Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4782-4784. 

M. Focke, B. Faltin, T. Hoesel, C. Mueller, J. Ducree, R. Zengerle, and F. von Stetten, Blow molding of polymer foils for rapid prototyping of microfluidic cartridges, 2008, pp. 988-990. 

Bursts of pulses with a predefined number down to N= 1 were selected with a pulse picker. The focusing conditions were already described in connection with Fig. 10. Various polymer foils (250 pm thick) like polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET, amorphous and crystalline), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were investigated (all from Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd, Huntington). These are listed together with relevant physicochemical properties in Table 1. 

SAXS/WAXS studies of synthetic or biological fibrils in the pm-range and less, or complex morphological structures encountered in processed polymer foils. 

Photoconducting polymers may show deteriorating wavelength dependence. Thus polymer foils of 39 and 40 are stable in visible light short-living charge... 

The main commercial use of solid SiO is as a vapor-deposition material for the production of SiOx thin films for optical or electronic applications (antireflective coatings, interference filters, beam-splitters, decorative coatings, dielectric layers, isolation layers, electrodes, thin-film capacitors, thin-film transistors, etc.), for diffusion barrier layers on polymer foils or for surface protection layers.Other uses for SiO have been proposed, such as the substitution of elemental silicon in the Muller-Rochow process for the production of organosilicon halides, because solid SiO can be produced at lower temperatures than elemental silicon. 

For X-ray diffraction experiments, two basic designs are possible The Bragg (or reflection) and the Laue (or transmission) mode. In electrochemical investigations, the former is better suited for studies of adsorbates or of other features parallel to the electrode surface, whereas the second mode is suitable for thick films or layers. In both cases, a cell window as transparent as possible for X-rays with sufficient stability towards this radiation is needed. Thin polymer foils (Mylar or Melinex ) are most commonly used. A typical design of a cell of the Laue type as depicted in Fig. 6.1 shows the X-ray passing through two polymer film windows and the electrolyte solution. 

Neuhaus S, Padeste C, Spencer ND. Versatile wettabiUty gradients prepared by chemical modification of polymer brushes on polymer foils. Langmuir 2011 27(11) 6855—61. 

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