Capital cost total

Plant type Capital cost ( /kW) Separation unit Capital cost (% total)... 

Coast Capital Costs Total Capital Costs... 

Capital Costs Total Cost°c Annual Costc 40,000 7,830 40,000 7,830... 

Capital cost total Capital cost annualized (based on 9 year life)... 

The total cost of rail transport is determined by two costs capital and freight, which includes such variables as the rail conductor wage. The default assumption is that each railcar gaseous storage container costs 200 000 and has a capacity of 450 kg of hydrogen. An important variable is the required number of trips, which is a function of the annual production rate and the capacity of the hydrogen railcars. The required number of trips then is used to determine the total delivery time, number of railcars, and ultimately the total capital cost. Total delivery time, which includes the return time of the railcars, is found using... 

Theie are two types of cost associated with a Line. One is capital cost (total installation cost, (Cl, in S)), which includes materials and installation cost, which Is the cost before a plant is In operation. The other is operating cost (CO, in ), which is the total cost lequited to operate this line over its life time (N, in years). Total cost of a line (CT, in ) is the sum of its capital cost and its operating cost. The optimum line size is selected, so that the total cost is at minimum for the life time of this line. 

Cl, capit cost (total installation cost), in CO, operating cost, in CT, total cost of a line, in Cp, line material cost, in Cx, material cost other than line in. ... 

Air pollution control equipment in modem waste-to-energy plants accounts for around 15 to 20% of the total capital cost. Total cleaning and recycling is a process where the flue gas passes from the incineration grate to the heat recovery boiler and... 

If the total heat consumed is from an external utility (e.g., mains steam), then a high efficiency is desirable, even perhaps at the expense of a high capital cost. However, if the heat consumed is by recovery from elsewhere in the process, as is discussed in Chap. 15, then comparison on the basis of dryer efficiency becomes less meaningful. 

Thus capital cost considerations reinforce the argument that the nonintegrated sequence with the lowest heat load is that with the lowest total cost. 

Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities Capital and Total Cost... 

Total heat transfer area is assumed to be divided equally between exchangers. This tends to overestimate the capital cost. 

Increasing the chosen value of process energy consumption also increases all temperature differences available for heat recovery and hence decreases the necessary heat exchanger surface area (see Fig. 6.6). The network area can be distributed over the targeted number of units or shells to obtain a capital cost using Eq. (7.21). This capital cost can be annualized as detailed in App. A. The annualized capital cost can be traded off against the annual utility cost as shown in Fig. 6.6. The total cost shows a minimum at the optimal energy consumption. 

MW) Annual hot utility cost (10 yr ) Otnin arw) Annual cold utility cost (10 yr ) NETWORK vn) UNITS Annualized capital cost (10 yr ) Annualized total cost d0 yr )... 

As the reactor conversion increases, the reactor volume increases and hence reactor capital cost increases. At the same time, the amount of unconverted feed needing to be separated decreases and hence the cost of recycling unconverted feed decreases, as shown in Fig. 8.1. Combining the reactor and recycle costs into a total cost indicates that there is an optimal reactor conversion. 

The capital cost of most aqueous waste treatment operations is proportional to the total flow of wastewater, and the operating cost increases with decreasing concentration for a given mass of contaminant to be removed. Thus, if two streams require different treatment operations, it makes no sense to mix them and treat both streams in both treatment operations. This will increase both capital and operating costs. Rather, the streams should be segregated and treated separately in a distributed effluent treatment system. Indeed, effective primary treatment might mean that some streams do not need biological treatment at all. 

Targets for number of shells, capital cost, and total cost also can be set. Thus remaining problem analysis can be used on these design parameters also. 

It should be emphasized that capital cost estimates using installation factors are at best crude and at worst highly misleading. When preparing such an estimate, the designer spends most of the time on the equipment costs, which represent typically 20 to 40 percent of the total installed cost. The bulk costs (civil engineering, labor, etc.) are factored costs which lack definition. At best, this type of estimate can be expected to be accurate to 30 percent. 

Equation (F.l) shows that each stream makes a contribution to total heat transfer area defined only by its duty, position in the composite curves, and its h value. This contribution to area means also a contribution to capital cost. If, for example, a corrosive stream requires special materials of construction, it will have a greater contribution to capital cost than a similar noncorrosive stream. If only one cost law is to be used for a network comprising mixed materials of construction, the area contribution of streams requiring special materials must somehow increase. One way this may be done is by weighting the heat transfer coefficients to reflect the cost of the material the stream requires. 

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