Process steam piping

Duct and/or piping are necessary to deliver and discharge the process streams. The extent of the ductwork primarily depends on the location of the reactor relative to the main process and auxiliary equipment. Excessive ductwork can contribute significantly to the capital cost of the unit. In addition, it can lead to safety problems because of any potential condensation, even if it is insulated process steam piping can also be a concern. Drainage piping often comes into play. 

There are many reasons for significant investment in FCC power trains and, thus, power train maintenance. These power recovery machines handle catalyst-laden gas at high temperature. Because the recovery system is connected to the processing plant, the steam pipe network and the electrical power grid, a power train upset is likely to rapidly extend from the FCC unit to the entire plant. 

Energy can almost always be replaced in part by other inputs. For example, a steam pipe can be insulated more heavily or an industrial process can be modified to use more labor and less energy. Economic efficiency docs not imply minimizing the use of energy or any other input, but rather finding the appropriate mix of inputs. The economically efficient level of inputs is reached when the last dollar spent on energy yields the same amount of benefits as the last dollar spent on labor or materials or any other input. 

Piping system Main steam Process steam Feedwater Raw water Treated water Potable water Aux. cooling system Firefighting system Clarified water Filtered water Water-intake system Circulating-water system Chemical dosing Station drains Fuel oil Fuel gas... 

CANDLE.—Read, in connection with the processes described at pages 430,431 —The operations of saponification of the fat, and decomposition of the lime-soap by sulphuric acid, have been hitherto effected in open vessels, under the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere. An improvement on this plan has been recently proposed by M, Delapchiek, of Besangoo, who substitutes dose vessels in Order to saponify the fat. Wash and decompose the lime-soap under a pressure of about twenty-two pounds to the square inch, by which the operations are considerably facilitated, and their duration shortened. The products by this process are said to be superior to those obtained in open vessels, and a considerable economy of flaid is effected. The apparatus consists essentially of a horizontal boiler, with a man-hole and two safety valves at the top, The heat is furnished by a large steam-pipe, running in a depression along the bottom of the boiler. The... 

Grainer salt is made by surface evaporation of brine in flat pans open to the atmosphere. Heat usually is furnished by steam pipes located a few inches below tlie tank bottom. Crystals form at the surface of the brine and are held tliere temporarily by surface tension. Thus, they grow laterally for awhile and form thin flakes. But, as they grow, they tend to sink and this process imparts a peculiar, hollow pyramid-like structure to them. Such crystals are called hopper crystals. Ultimately, the crystals sink to the bottom where they are scraped to one end of the pan. The crystals are fragile and during handling they break up, finally assuming a flake-like shape. Thus, tlie term flake salt. 

Optimization can be performed on many different time scales and levels, from production planning over the next year to determining optimal setpoints for a chemical process unit operation every minute. Typical optimization levels in the petrochemical industry include management decisions, process design, and plant operations. In these cases, the solution to the optimization problem will be the one that maximizes some measure of profit. An example of optimization applied to process design is determination of the optimum thickness of insulation for a given steam pipe installation, as shown in Fig. 3. 

A clamp-type pipe joint connector failed a short time after it was put into service. This clamp, shown in Figure 7.48, had been used to join two ends of NPS 8 carbon steel steam piping, operating at a pressure of approximately 11 MPa (1600 psi). The boiler feedwater used in this process had been softened by cation exchange (Ca <-> Na) and was fully deaerated. The feedwater was recycled water from an oilfield operation and contained several thousand ppm dissolved chlorides. The steam was 80% quality and at a temperature of approximately 330°C. 

The cost for piping covers labor, valves, fittings, pipe, supports, and othc rdtems involved in the complete erection of all piping used directly in the process. This includes raw-material, intermediate-product, finished-product, steam, water, air, sewer, and other process piping. Since process-plant piping can run as high as 80 percent of purchased-equipment cost or 20 percent of tied-capital investment, it is understandable that accuracy of the entire estimate can be seriously affected by the improper application of estimation techniques to this one component. 

Related Calculations. Use these steps and the ASME Fluid Meters or comprehensive meter engineering tables giving similar data to select or check an orifice meter used in any type of steam pipe—main, auxiliary, process, industrial, marine, heating, or commercial—conveying wet, saturated, or superheated steam. 

External surfaces of hot process equipments such as heaters, dryers, steam pipes, and electrical... 

The types of underground hazards or facihties (such as electrical, gas, and telephone utihties process or steam piping drains and sewer lines spiUed or buried hazardous materials etc.) that might be encountered during excavation. Identifying such hazards with the assistance of site maps and plans, utihty compaities, and knowledgeable employees. De-energizing electrical services in the area to be excavated, particularly those over 50 volts AC or 100 volts DC. 

Practiced Working of the Electrolytic Process.—The sodium sulphide solution in the conical iron vessels (figs. 55-58, a) is treated and agitated by means of steam introduced through the steam-pipe h. As soon as the solution is boiling, the finely divided ore is sprinkled into... 

Steam-pipe design problems are common in refineries, chemical processing plants, and power plants. Since steam is a compressible gas handled at high temperatures and pressures, fluid-flow calculations are somewhat more difficult to handle. This section will discuss methods of sizing steam pipelines. 

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