Vaccinium

Bill berry Vaccinium myrtiiius Vision enhancement and eye health, microcirculation, spider veins and varicose veins, capillary strengthening before surgery No adverse effects have been reported in clinical studies. None significant. 

Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Urinary tract infection (UTI) Large doses can produce gastrointestinal symptoms (je, diarrhea) None significant. 

Powell, E. A. and Kron, K. A. 2002. Hawaiian blueberries and their relatives—a phylogenetic analysis of Vaccinium sections Macropelma, Myrtillus, and Hemimyrtillus (Ericaceae). Syst. Bot. 27 768-779. 

Cabrita, L. and Andersen, O.M., Anthocyanins in blue berries of Vaccinium padifo-lium. Phytochemistry, 52, 1693, 1999. 

Lietti, A. and Fomi, G., Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. II. Aspects of anthocyanins pharmacokinetics in the rat, Arzneimittelforschung, 26, 832, 1976. 

Galactose is the second most widespread monosaccharide in foods, being found in apples, dwarf dogwood, cranberries, black chokeberries, highbush blueberries, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, - Coriaria myrtifolia, black carrots, " eggplants, pistachios, and black and kidney beans. ... 

Anthocyanins from apples, cranberries, black chokeberries, - blackberries of an unknown cultivar, - highbush blueberries, - - Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, cv. Balaton black cherries, and black lentils" contained arabi-nose. This pentose was not found in any of the vegetables presented in Table 4.3.3. Even less widespread is xylose, found in Red Delicious apple cultivars, black chokeberries, different cultivars of blackberries, evergreen blackberries, red currants, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, different cultivars of red rasp-berry, - - and black carrots. " ... 

Despite the fact that a-L-rhamnosylpyranoside usually occurs in the anthocya-nins as the dissacharide rutinose, a-rhamnose was found in acerola, linked at position 3 to cyanidin and pelargonidin and to delphinidin in Vaccinium padifolium blueberries,and at the 5 position in black raspberries, " red raspberries, " and purple mashua. The D- and L-configurations were not assigned in any of these studies. 

Sambubiose was less widespread, as a constituent of the major anthocyanins from red currants," elderberries," Davidson s plums, black raspberries, and small red beans, - and hnked to minor anthocyanins from agai " and Vaccinium padifolium blueberries. - Considering the anthocyanins identihed at least with MS, as far as we are concerned, this disaccharide was not reported in vegetables, cereals, or grains. 

Only a few trisaccharides have been identified in anthocyanins from foods, all at the 3 position 6"-a-rhamnopyranosyl-2"-P-xylopyranosyl-P-glucopyranoside in minor amounts from Vaccinium padifolium blueberries - and 2"-xylopyranosyl-6 "-glucopyranosyl-galactopyranoside in major anthocyanins from black carrots. " ... 

Cabrita, L., Froystein, N.A., and Andersen, 0.M., Anthocyanin trisaccharides in blue berries of Vaccinium padifolium. Food Chem., 69, 33, 2000. 

A biphasic solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether, -butanol, acetonitrile, and water (2 2 1 5) acidified with triflnoroacetic acid has been applied to fractionate anthocyanins. The npper (organic) phase acts as the stationary phase and the lower (aqneons) as the mobile phase. HSCCC has been applied to obtain several anthocyanin fractions from wine, red cabbage, black cnrrants, chokeber-ries, " bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) acylated anthocyanins, and also isolate individnal anthocyanins from wine. ... 

About 15 anthocyanins in bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) were reported by Ichiyanagi et al. using CZE separation and MS-NMR identification.Anthocyanin analysis of strawberry and elderberry extracts was performed by reverse HPLC at pH 1.8 and CZE using a standard silica capillary and pH 8.0 running buffer. Under these conditions, HPLC had more advantages than CZE in terms of anthocyanin separation in these extracts." ... 

Bomser, J. et al., In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species, Planta Med, 62, 212, 1996. 

Andersen, O.M., Chromatographic separation of anthocyanin in cowberry (Lingon-berry) Vaccinium vites-idaea L, J. Food ScL, 50, 1230, 1985. 

Du, Q., Jerz, G., and Winterhalter, P., Isolation of two anthocyanin sambubiosides from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr A, 1045, 59, 2004. 

Ichiyanagi, T. et al., Complete assignment of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) anthocyanins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, Chem. Pharm. Bull, 52, 226, 2004. 

Skrede, G., Wrolstad, R.E., and Dnrst, R.W., Changes in anthocyanins and polyphe-nolics during jnice processing of highbnsh blneberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), J. Food Sci., 65, 357, 2000. 

D. T. Mitchell and D. J. Read, Utilization of inorganic and organic phosphates by the mycorrhizal endophytes of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Rhododendron ponti-cum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 76 255 (1981). 

Glycine max hypocotyls Nicotiana tobacum plants Helianthus annuus plants Sorghum vulgare seedlings Brassica rapa seedlings Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit Euphorbia pulcherrima bracts Amaranthus tricolor seedlings Oryza sativa leaves... 

Dihydroxy C18.4 Tri- and pentahydroxy acids Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit 1.1... 

Hakkinen S H and Torronen A R (2000), Content of flavonols and selected phenolic acids in strawberries and vaccinium species influence of cultivar, cultivation site and technique , Food Res Int, 33, 517-524. 

Kalt, W, Ryan D A, Duy J C, Prior R L, Ehlenfeldt M K, and Vander Kloet S P (2001), Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus spp.) , J Agric Food Chem, 49, 4761-4767. 

Prior RL, Cao G, Martin A, Sofic E, McEwen J, OBrien C, Lischner N, Ehlenfeldt M, Kalt W, Krewer G and Mainland CM. 1998. Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanidin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. J Agric Food chem. 46 2686-2693. 

Prior RL, Lazarus SA, Cao G, Muccitelli H and Hammerstone JF. 2001. Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatog-raphy/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 49(3) 1270-1276. 

Wang SY and Ballington JR. 2007. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity in deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum L.). LWT Food Sci Technol 40(8) 1352—1361. 

Blueberry, Vaccinium pallidum Leaf, Missouri distance from smelter ... 

Wheat, Triticum aestivum from sludge-amended soil (19.4 mg Ni/kg DW soil) vs. nonsludge amended soil Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium leaf various distances from nickel smelter... 

Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Maine, leaf ... 

Bog whortleberry, Vaccinium ulgmosunr, foliage Cowberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea foliage Cow s milk 137Cs July 1986 vs. 1987... 

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