Blueberry highbush

Blueberry, highbush angustifolium Aiton Vaccinium 17-60 63-231 15 Kalt et al., 1999a3 Prior et al., 19982 ... 

Galactose is the second most widespread monosaccharide in foods, being found in apples, dwarf dogwood, cranberries, black chokeberries, highbush blueberries, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, - Coriaria myrtifolia, black carrots, " eggplants, pistachios, and black and kidney beans. ... 

Anthocyanins from apples, cranberries, black chokeberries, - blackberries of an unknown cultivar, - highbush blueberries, - - Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, cv. Balaton black cherries, and black lentils" contained arabi-nose. This pentose was not found in any of the vegetables presented in Table 4.3.3. Even less widespread is xylose, found in Red Delicious apple cultivars, black chokeberries, different cultivars of blackberries, evergreen blackberries, red currants, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, different cultivars of red rasp-berry, - - and black carrots. " ... 

One acetyl group was identified at position 6 in highbush blueberries, " plums, " red leaf lettuce," and all grapes (Table 4.3.2) and at position 4 in Eurya japonica berries. Although acetyls were found in anthocyanins from strawberries " " and purple mashua, the positions of this acyl group were not assigned. 

Wang, J., Kalt, W., and Spoms, P., Comparison between HPLC and MALDl-TOE MS analysis of anthocyanins in highbush blueberries, J. Agric. Food Chem.,4S, 3330, 2000. 

Kalt, W, Ryan D A, Duy J C, Prior R L, Ehlenfeldt M K, and Vander Kloet S P (2001), Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus spp.) , J Agric Food Chem, 49, 4761-4767. 

Ehlenfeldt MK and Prior RL. 2001. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and phenolic and antho-cyanin concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of highbush blueberry. J Agric Food Chem 49(5) 2222— 2227. 

Select a suitable blueberry type for your zone highbush (Zones 4-7), lowbush (Zones 2-6), midhigh (Zones 3-7), or rabbiteye (Zones 7-9). Buy two- or three-year-old container-grown plants that are not rootbound. You will need to test the pH of your potting mix or any compost you use for soil Improvement to be certain that it is not alkaline. Use only rainwater when watering plants. Plant bushes In late fall or early winter, spacing them 5 ft (1.5 m) apart. Mulch with composted bark or pine needles. 

MALDI-TOF-MS has been used to identify and quantify other anthocyanins in foods.When the anthocyanin content of highbush blueberries at different stages of anthocyanin formation were analyzed by both HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS, it was found that both techniques provided comparable quantitative anthocyanin profiles. While HPLC could distinguish anthocyanin isomers, MALDI-TOF-MS proved to be more rapid. MALDI-TOF-MS has also been used to identify the isoflavones in soy samples. In a comparison of several matrices, 2, 4, 6 -trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid... 

Bilyk, A. and Sapers, G.M., Varietal differences in the quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin contents of highbush blueberry, cranberry, and thornless blackberry fruits, J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 585, 1986. 

Blueberry consists of cultivated highbush blueberries Vaccinium corymbo-sum) and wild lowbush blueberries Vaccinium august ifolium). The aroma of cultivated and wild blueberries is dominated by long-chain alcohols, esters and terpenoids. Forney [43] reported that y-butyrolactone, a-terpineol, 6-ethyl 2,6-decadiene-4,5-diol, linalool, benzaldehyde and 2-ethyl-2-hexenal contribute to the aroma of fresh, whole highbush blueberries using GC-O analysis. In... 

CB Ely, RE Frans, TL Lavy, RE Talbet, JD Mattice. Determining diuron, simazine, and methiocarb residues in highbush blueberries (Vaccium corymbosuni). Hort Science 28 33-35, 1993. 

All blueberries belong to the genus Vaccinium. The family includes the Highbush (V. corymbosum and V. ashei) and the Native American wild low bush (E augustifolium). All blueberries originated in the wild. Highbush blueberries represent 57% of total North American blueberry production. 

Skrede, G., Wrolstad, R.E., and Durst, R.W., Changes in anthocyanins and polyphenolics during juice processing of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), J. Food Sci., 65, 235-364, 2000. 

A systematic approach for optimizing the extraction and identification of anthocyanins from blueberries was explored using HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS (Barnes et al., 2009). A method was developed for anthocyanin identification without the use of standards. Consideration was given to elution order by chromatographic separation with selective detection at 520 nm, high mass accuracy m/z values, tandem MS fragmentation, and previously published literature. Overall, 25 anthocyanins from a wild type highbush blueberry were identified and reported (Barnes et al., 2009). 

The screening of red and black raspberries, highbush blueberries, and grapes for anthocyanins was reported by Tian et al. [28]. They apphed a combination of precmsor-ion and neutral-loss analysis mode, product-ion MS-MS, and SRM. The neutral-loss analysis enabled discrimination between glucosides/galactosides and arabinosides. 

Blueberries require full sun and well-drained. moisture-retentive, acidic soil with a rH of 4.0-5.0. Of the 3 species, highbush blueberries are the most finicky about soil. Blueberries generally grow well in soil enriched with acidic organic material, such as peat moss, composted pine needles or oak leaves, or compost made from pine, oak, or hemlock bark. Fertilize with acidic fertilizers, such as cottonseed meal or soybean meal. Blueberries enjoy a thick, organic mulch. 

Cane dieback. Causes Blueberry cane canker Fusiccsccum canker. Blueberry cane canker, most pre alent in the South, shows up as reddish, conical stem swellings. The next year these swellings become blisterlike, light gray, and then black and fissured. If this disease is a problem in your area, plant rabbiteye blueberries, which are not susceptible to cane canker. Or plant highbush cultivars resistant to cane canker, including Atlantic and Jersey . 

When you re purchasing the fresh produce, you will typically find two blueberry sizes, representing two distinct but related species the smaller, pea-size, low-bush variety, which was cultivated from original wild plants of Atlantic Canada and northern forest understories and the grape-size, American highbush species, which was developed specifically to yield larger fruit on taller bushes, making the crop easier to pick with mechanical harvesters. 

Content and Recovery of Anthocyanins, Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonol Glycosides and Procyanidins in Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum var. Bluecrop) during Juice Processing1... 

FIGURE 3.8 Anthocyanin retention in pasteurized juice from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum, var. Bluecrop) incubated with blanched and not-blanched blueberry pulp for 3 h at 40°C. [Source Skrede et al. (2000a), with permission.]... 

During storage of fresh strawberries, raspberries and highbush and lowbush blueberries at 0,10,20 and 30°C for up to 8 days, the antioxidant capacity was found to be stable or even to increase (Kalt et al., 1999a). The antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated with the content of total phenolics (r = 0.83) and anthocyanins... 

Kader, F., Rovel, B., Girardin, M., and Metche, M. 1997. Mechanism of browning in fresh highbush blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Role of blueberry polyphenol oxidase, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins. J. Sci. Food Agric. 74 31-34. 

---