Gastrointestinal symptom

Nausea and diarrhea are common early side effects. Gastrointestinal symptoms may improve with dose reduction or with ingestion of lithium at meals. Slow-release formulations are more often associated with nausea, whereas sustained-release preparations are more commonly associated with diarrhea. 

Constipation is a common symptom in the neurodegenerative disorders. Inadequate fluid intake, dysphagia, dysautonomia, and immobility aU contribute to constipation. Increasing fluid and fiber intake, along with increasing physical activity can help. Use of docusate sodium, milk of magnesia, dulcolax and senna may also improve symptoms. For severe constipation, lactulose, magnesium citrate and enemas can provide relief. 

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Health nd SMety Factors. The lowest pubhshed human oral toxic dose is 430 mg/kg, causing nervous system disturbances and gastrointestinal symptoms. The LD q (rat, oral) is 750 mg/kg (183). Thiocyanates are destroyed readily by soil bacteria and by biological treatment systems in which the organisms become acclimatized to thiocyanate. Pyrolysis products and combustion products can include toxic hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. 

Parvalbumin was found to be a major fish allergen in approximately 70% of fish allergies, mediated by parvalbumin IgE antibodies, leading to respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Parvalbumin also became of interest because of its potential use in gene therapy to correct cardiomyopathy. 

D. gastrointestinal symptoms, which can be serious and sometimes fatal... 

Gastrointestinal symptoms occur frequently with the administration of ethosuximide (Zarontin), methsux-imide (Celontin Kapseals), and phensuximide (Milontin Kapseals). Mental confusion and other personality changes, pruritus, urticaria, urinary frequency, weight loss, and hematologic changes may also be seen. 

MANAGING LACTIC ACIDOSIS. When taking metformin, the patient is at risk for lactic acidosis. The nurse monitors die patient for symptoms of lactic acidosis, which include unexplained hyperventilation, myalgia, malaise, gastrointestinal symptoms, or unusual somnolence If the patient experiences these symptoms, the nurse should contact the primary care provider at once. Elevated blood lactate levels of greater than 5 mmol/L are associated with lactic acidosis and should be reported immediately. Once a patient s diabetes is stabilized on metformin therapy, the adverse GI reactions that often occur at the beginning of such therapy are unlikely to be related to the drug therapy. A later occurrence of GI symptoms is more likely to be related to lactic acidosis or other serious disease. 

Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Urinary tract infection (UTI) Large doses can produce gastrointestinal symptoms (je, diarrhea) None significant. 

The route of antigen administration can alter the speed of antigen access to the circulation and, thus, the systemic symptoms in anaphylaxis models. For example, allergen ingestion typically induces anaphylaxis that includes gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea [4]. These intestinal anaphylaxis models in mice are dependent on IgE-induced mast cell activation, and the release of PAF and serotonin (rather than histamine) [1,4]. 

Assess gastrointestinal symptoms. What is the quantity and quality of bowel movements Does the patient have bloating, flatulence, or abdominal pain ... 

A 25-year-old Caucasian woman presents to the university student clinic with complaints of intermittent crampy abdominal pain and four to five loose stools per day. She describes some visible mucus and blood in the stool and states that these symptoms have been present for 6 to 8 weeks. She also has intermittent lower back pain, fatigue, fever, and a 10-lb (4.5 kg) weight loss. The back pain started about the same time as her gastrointestinal symptoms. She denies any sick contacts and has not eaten any take-out or restaurant food over the last 2 months. She takes nonprescription naproxen as needed for aches and pains. She has been using more naproxen recently because of the back pain. She also takes an oral contraceptive pill once daily. She consumes alcohol socially and currently smokes 1/2 to 1 pack of cigarettes per day. 

The cardinal symptoms and signs are weakness and fatigue requiring rest periods, gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, and hypotension. 

Rifabutin Adults0 5 mg/kg (300 mg) Children Appropriate dosing unknown Hematologic toxicity, uveitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, polyarthralgias, hepatotoxicity, pseudojaundice (skin discoloration with normal bilirubin), rash, flulike syndrome, orange discoloration of bodily fluids (sputum, urine, sweat, tears) Drug interactions are less problematic than rifampin... 

Pyrazinamide Adults Based on IBW 40-55 kg 1000 mg 56-75 kg 1500 mg 76-90 kg 2000 mg Children 15-30 mg/kg Hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting), non-gouty polyarthralgia, asymptomatic hyperuricemia, acute gouty arthritis, transient morbilliform rash, dermatitis Serum uric acid can serve as a surrogate marker for compliance FFTs in patients with underlying liver disease... 

Functional bowel disease A condition characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of a demonstrated pathologic condition. 

Niclosamide inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and stimulates adenosine tripho-sphatese activity in the mitochondria of cestodes, killing the scolex and proximal segments of the tapeworm both in vitro and in vivo. The scolex of the tapeworm, then loosened from the gut wall, may be digested in the intestine and thus may not be identified in the stool even after extensive purging [90,91], Niclosamide is not appreciably absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract [92,93] and the side effects have primarily been limited to gastrointestinal symptoms. 

Rao et al. [140] described a study using a commercial pH sensitive radio-telemetry capsule (RTC) to evaluate small bowel and colonic transit time in athletes with gastrointestinal symptoms. The RTC (type 7006 Remote Control Systems, London, UK) consists of a glass electrode with an integral reference cap and battery. RF transmissions from the capsule are detected by a solid-state receiver worn on the belt of the patient. The recorder samples the pH from the capsule at 6 second intervals for a period of 24 hours. They used pH changes as an indication of the pH capsule s movement. A sharp rise in pH from around pH 2 to pH 6 indicates that the capsule has moved into the duodenum from the stomach. Then the pH progressively rises to a plateau around pH 8, which indicates that the capsule has moved into the terminal ileum. Another commercially available wireless pH sensor (Bravo) from Medtronic Inc. has been used to measure esophageal pH for a period of 48 hours and it will be discussed later. 

K.A. Rao, E. Yazaki, D. F. Evans and R. Carbon, Objective evaluation of small bowel and colonic transit time using pH telemetry in athletes with gastrointestinal symptoms. J. Sports Med. 38, 482-487... 

Koebnick C, Wagner I, Leitzmann P, Stem U, Zunft HJ Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Can J Gastroenterol 2003 17 655-659. 

Gastrointestinal symptoms Respiratory symptoms Cutaneous symptoms Other symptoms... 

Generally, tin compounds of 3-4 mgday-1 are ingested in the human body, and are absorbed poorly from the digestive tracts. 40% of the tin are excreted via urine and feces. Tin compounds tend to accumulate in liver, kidney and bone. By the oral route, high levels of tin compounds cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain and headache. 

Caution A toxin is a poison produced by a living organism. The middle term of staphylococcal enterotoxin B means a toxin that is produced by microorganisms, such as some staphylococci, and causes gastrointestinal symptoms. 

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