Fruit extraction

The term fermentation was obtained from the Latin verb fervere which describes the action of yeast or malt on sugar or fruit extracts and grain. The boiling is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles from the aqueous phase under the anaerobic catabolism of carbohydrates in the fermentation media. The art of fermentation is defined as the chemical transformation of organic compounds with the aid of enzymes. The ability of yeast to make alcohol was known to the Babylonians and Sumerians before 6000 bc. The Egyptians discovered the generation of carbon dioxide by brewer s yeast in the preparation... 

Butera, D. et al.. Antioxidant activities of Sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains betanin and indicaxanthin, J. 

Bomser, J. et al., In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species, Planta Med, 62, 212, 1996. 

Wybraniec, S. and Mizrahi, Y., Generation of decarboxylated and dehydrogenated betacyanins in thermally treated purified fruit extract from purple pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) monitored by LC-MS/MS, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 6704, 2005. 

Fig. 2. HPLC ion exchange gradient separation of samples (25 ug of uronic acid) of smaller (G7) citrus pectin oligomers (a), larger (G12) citrus pectin oligomers (b), and the B. fruit extract (c). Detection was by PAD. For each sample the peak co-eluting with the standard galacturonate oc-tamer was designated peak 8, and the remaining peaks were numbered consecutively.

Table II. Carbohydrate compositions (weight percentage) of individual oligomer peaks purified (QAE-Sephadex or HPLC ion-exchange separation, respectively) from mixtures of citrus pectin oligomers or B fruit extracts Compositions shown are for peaks whose biological activity is described in Figure 4. Uronic acid values are based on colorimetric assay. Proportions of neutral sugars were determined by GC and adjusted so that totals equal 100%. In fact, some oligomers (G7 peaks 8, 9 and 10. B extract peak 10) produced small (less than 1 % of the total integrated area), unknown peaks in the GC chromatograms.

Fig. 3. QAE-Sephadex gradient separation of the B fruit extract. An 18 mg (uronic acid equivalents) sample of extract was dissolved in 20 ml of 125 mM imidazole-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) and applied to the column. The column was then eluted with 50 ml 125 mM buffer followed by a 125 mM to 1.5 M buffer gradient (500ml), and, finally, 50 ml of 1.5 M buffer. Fractions of 5 ml were collected and assayed for uronic acids. Groups of fractions (26-41, 45-50, 53-75 and 84-100) were pooled, concentrated by ultrafiltration and analyzed by HPLC.

FIGURE 11.32 Densitogram illustrating various techniques of development of Heracleum sphondylium fruit extract on silica with AcOEt + H (1 9) (a) by isocratic method, (b) incremental multiple development with 10-mm steps. For abbreviations, see Figure 11.1. (For details, see Wawrzynowicz, T., Czapinska, K., and Markowski, W., J. Planar Chromatogr., 11, 388-393, 1998.)... 

Schellenberg R. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with Agnus castus fruit extract prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. BMJ 2001 322 134-137. 

Ankamwar, B., Damle, C., Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. (2005) Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Emhlica Officinalis fruit extract, their phase transfer and transmetallation in an organic solution. Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 5, 1665-1671. 

Naesens, L., Clercq, E. de, Van den Mooter, G., Kinget, R., Augustijns, P., Inhibition of intestinal metabolism of the antiviral ester prodrug bis(POC)-PMPA by nature-identical fruit extracts as a strategy to enhance its oral absorption an in vitro study, Pharm. Res. 1999, 16, 1035-1040. 

The scavenging ability toward O2 can also be measured by using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry. The 02 anion is trapped with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline TV-oxidc (DMPO), and the resultant DMPO-OH adduct is detected by ESR using manganese oxide as internal standard. Noda and others (1997) used this technique to evaluate antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin). 

In 2003, Prior and others described methods for the extraction and analysis of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, using modifications of the ORAC procedure. These methods provide, for the first time, the ability to obtain a measure of total antioxidant capacity in the protein free plasma, using the same peroxyl radical generator for both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. This assay was also used to measure the total antioxidant capacity of guava fruit extracts (Thaipong and others 2006). 

Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS and Bhimanagouda S. 2007. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activities in fruit extracts from citron and blood orange. Food Chem 101 410-418. 

Noda Y, Kaneyuki T, Mori A and Packer L. 2002. Antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin. J Agric Food Chem 50(1) 166-171. 

Pellegrini N, Re R, Yang M and Rice-Evans C. 1999. Screening of dietary carotenoids and carotenoid-rich fruit extracts for antioxidant activities applying 2,2 -azinobis(3-ethylenebenzothiazohne-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay. Methods Enzymol 299 379-389. 

Thaipong K, Boonprakoba U, Crosby K, Cisneros-Zevallos L and Byrne DH. 2006. Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J Food Compos Anal 19(6-7) 669-675. 

Food Jam, fruit extract, syrup, honey, milk, chocolate, baby food... 

Different food components (e.g., fruit extracts) and commonly used pharmaceutical excipients (e.g., Tween 80) can interfere with secretory transport systems, leading to drug-food interactions [31, 43, 46, 167], As for CYPs, inhibition and induction of efflux transporters have been reported as possible... 

Deferme S, Van Gelder J, Augustijns P (2002a) Inhibitory effects of fruit extracts on P-glycoprotein-related efflux carriers An in-vitro screening. J Pharm Pharmacol 54 1-7. 

Mols R, Deferme S, Augustijns P (2005) Sulfasalazine transport in in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo absorption models contribution of efflux carriers and their modulation by co-administration of synthetic nature-identical fruit extracts. J Pharm Pharmacol 57 1565-1573. 

From the fruits extracts of L. nobilis, costunolide, santamarm, reynosin, gazaniolide, 11,13-dehydrosantonin and spirafolide were isolated as known sesqniter-pene lactones (Fig. 6.7). The dichloromethane fraction also afforded a new sesquiterpene, named lauroxepine, which had oxepine type sesqniterpene stractnie as an derivative of spirafolide [20]. However, its activity was the least (IC = 34.6... 

Many fruits attract birds by colors, odors, and taste. After consuming the fruit, the birds will disperse the seeds to new habitat. Preference orders exist, and some fruits are rarely eaten by birds (see p. 306). For instance, the flavor of buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica, ranked lowest of 11 fruit extracts tested in blackbirds, Turdus merula, and a song thrush, Turdusphilomelus (Sorensen, 1983). Least preferred fruits contain toxins that deter birds, perhaps to avoid seeds being dispersed to unfavorable habitat. For instance, it is disadvantageous for forest... 

The first fully comprehensive coupling of NP and RP, where the previously described difficulties related to solvents immiscibility were overcome, was developed by Dugo et al. and applied to the analyses of oxygen heterocyclic components of lemon essential oils [22], Based on the configuration described in this work, other applications were developed for the analysis of carotenoids in citrus samples [48], citrus fruit extracts [29], pharmaceutical products [29], and triglycerides in fats and... 

---