Fractions from

It is prepared by the direct chlorination of toluene in the presence of PClj. It is purified by fractionation from the unchanged toluene and the higher chlorinated products. It is used for benzylating amines and for preparing benzyl alcohol. 

As a complementary process to reforming, isomerization converts normal paraffins to iso-paraffins, either to prepare streams for other conversions nCi —> /C4 destined for alkylation or to increase the motor and research octane numbers of iight components in the gasoiine pooi, i.e., the C5 or Cs-Ce fractions from primary distillation of the crude, or light gasoline from conversion processes, having low octane numbers. 

Feedstocks Propylene fraction from FCC Fuel gas from FCC... 

The analytical reagent grade is suitable for most purposes. The commercial substance may be purifled by shaking for 3 hours with three portions of potassium permanganate solution (5 g. per litre), twice for 6 hours with mercury, and Anally with a solution of mercuric sulphate (2-5 g. per litre). It is then dried over anhydrous calcium chloride, and fractionated from a water bath at 55-65°. The pure compound boils at 46-5°/760 mm. 

Use a sample of purified n-heptane fraction from petroleum (1), b.p. 90-100° this consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons in which the heptanes predominate. Carry out the following tests. 

Fit a 750 ml. round-bottomed flask with a fractionating column attached to a condenser set for downward distillation. Place 500 g. of diacetone alcohol (the crude product is quite satisfactory), 01 g. of iodine and a few fragments of porous porcelain in the flask. Distil slowly. with a small free flame (best in an air bath) and collect the following fractions (a) 56-80° (acetone and a little mesityl oxide) (6) 80-126° (two layers, water and mesityl oxide) and (c) 126-131° (mesityl oxide). Whilst fraction (c) is distilling, separate the water from fraction (6), dry with anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and fractionate from a small flask collect the mesityl oxide at 126-131°. The yield is about 400 g. 

Europe) In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. 

Some additional dyad fractions from the research cited in the last problem J are reported at intermediate feedstock concentrations (M = vinylidene chloride M2 = isobutylene) ... 

Fine grinding and air classification make possible the production of some cake flour from hard wheat and some bread flour or high-protein fractions from soft wheat. AppHcation of the process theoretically frees the miller from dependence on different wheats, either hard or soft, that change each crop year. The problem is how to market the larger volume of low protein or starch fractions at prices adequate to justify the installation and operation of the special equipment (46). 

Chromatography may also be advantageous when it is required to separate several pure products from a single feed stream. A simulated moving-bed system can yield only two weU-separated fractions from a single feed stream. 

The lower molecular weight fractions from this process have been marketed by Montefluos under their trade name Galden. 

Primary blood components iaclude plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and stem cells. Plasma consists of water dissolved proteias, ie, fibrinogen, albumins, and globulins coagulation factors and nutrients. The principal plasma-derived blood products are siagle-donor plasma (SDP), produced by sedimentation from whole blood donations fresh frozen plasma (FFP), collected both by apheresis and from whole blood collections cryoprecipitate, produced by cryoprecipitation of FFP albumin, collected through apheresis and coagulation factors, produced by fractionation from FFP and by apheresis (see Fractionation, blood-plasma fractionation). 

G-9 Aromatic Petroleum Resins. Feedstocks typically used for aromatic petroleum resin synthesis boil in the approximate range of 100—300°C at atmospheric pressure, with most boiling in the 130—200°C range. The C-9 designation actually includes styrene (C-8) through C-10 hydrocarbons (eg, methylindene). Many of the polymerizable monomers identified in Table 1 for coumarone—indene type cmdes from coal tar are also present in aromatic fractions from cracked petroleum distillates. Therefore, the technology developed for the polymerization of coal-tar cmdes is also appHcable to petroleum-derived aromatic feedstocks. In addition to availabiHty, aromatic petroleum resins offer several advantages over coumarone—indene resins. These include improved color and odor, as weU as uv and thermal stabiHty (46). 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

Isopentane Dehydrogenation. In isopentane dehydrogenation, which is used in the CIS, isopentane or a C fraction from a catalytic cracker is dehydrogenated to isoprene (6) ... 

A1 tern an and low molecular weight alteman fractions from F mesenteroides B-1355 are being studied as hulking agents for reduced calorie foods (124), and dextran oligomers containing a(l — 2)-linkages have been proposed for similar appHcations (211). 

Essential Oils. Essential oils are produced by distillation of flowers, leaves, stems, wood, herbs, roots, etc. Distillations can be done directly or with steam. The technique used depends mosdy on the desired constituents of the starting material. Particular care must be taken in such operations so that undesired odors are not introduced as a result of pyrolytic reactions. This is a unique aspect of distillation processing in the flavor and fragrance industry. In some cases, essential oils are obtained by direct expression of certain fmits, particular of the citms family. These materials maybe used as such or as distillation fractions from them (see Oils, essential). 

In general, when the product is a fraction from cmde oil that includes a large number of individual hydrocarbons, the fraction is classified as a refined product. Examples of refined products are gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, and coke. In contrast, when the product is limited to, perhaps, one or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity, the fraction is classified as a petrochemical product. Examples of petrochemicals are ethylene (qv), propylene (qv), benzene (qv), toluene, and xylene (see Btx processing). 

The primary fractions from a distUlation unit are equUibrium mixtures and contain some proportion of the lighter constituents characteristic of a lower boiling fraction. The primary fractions are stripped of these constituents (stabUized) before storage or further processing. 

Gasoline. The naphtha fraction from cmde oil distillation is ultimately used to make gasoline. The two streams are isolated early in the refining scheme so that each can be refined separately for optimum blending in order to achieve the required specifications (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). 

Reductive alkylations and aminations requite pressure-rated reaction vessels and hiUy contained and blanketed support equipment. Nitrile hydrogenations are similar in thein requirements. Arylamine hydrogenations have historically required very high pressure vessel materials of constmction. A nominal breakpoint of 8 MPa (- 1200 psi) requites yet heavier wall constmction and correspondingly more expensive hydrogen pressurization. Heat transfer must be adequate, for the heat of reaction in arylamine ring reduction is - 50 kJ/mol (12 kcal/mol) (59). Solvents employed to maintain catalyst activity and improve heat-transfer efficiency reduce effective hydrogen partial pressures and requite fractionation from product and recycle to prove cost-effective. 

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