Black carrots

Turker, N. et al., Effect of storage temperature on the stability of anthocyanins of a fermented black carrot Daucus carota var. L.) beverage shalgam, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 3807, 2004. 

Galactose is the second most widespread monosaccharide in foods, being found in apples, dwarf dogwood, cranberries, black chokeberries, highbush blueberries, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, - Coriaria myrtifolia, black carrots, " eggplants, pistachios, and black and kidney beans. ... 

Anthocyanins from apples, cranberries, black chokeberries, - blackberries of an unknown cultivar, - highbush blueberries, - - Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, cv. Balaton black cherries, and black lentils" contained arabi-nose. This pentose was not found in any of the vegetables presented in Table 4.3.3. Even less widespread is xylose, found in Red Delicious apple cultivars, black chokeberries, different cultivars of blackberries, evergreen blackberries, red currants, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, different cultivars of red rasp-berry, - - and black carrots. " ... 

Among the disaccharides with more limited occurrence in anthocyanins, lathy-rose was found in dark red berries of Fatsia japonica and linked to one of the major anthocyanins in black carrots. " Until now, laminariobiose was only detected in red onions. A very rare disaccharide 2"- 3-glucopyranosyl-P-galactopyranose was found in anthocyanins from dwarf dogwood. ... 

Only a few trisaccharides have been identified in anthocyanins from foods, all at the 3 position 6"-a-rhamnopyranosyl-2"-P-xylopyranosyl-P-glucopyranoside in minor amounts from Vaccinium padifolium blueberries - and 2"-xylopyranosyl-6 "-glucopyranosyl-galactopyranoside in major anthocyanins from black carrots. " ... 

Most of the anthocyanins acylated with caffeic acid have this cinnamyl moiety linked to a glucosyl position 6, as in gooseberries, some grape cultivars, ° " ° black carrots, red cabbage,red radishes," and sweet potatoes. Some anthocyanins isolated from species of potatoes have a caffeyl group located at position 4 of the rhamnosyl unit of the rutinose disaccharide. " ... 

Among the hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins acylated with sinapic acid are not widespread in foods they have been isolated only in black carrots " and red cabbages." Anthocyanins that are acylated with p-hydroxybenzoic acid were only found in black carrots " and sweet potatoes. This acyl group was located within the 6 position of a glucoside moiety. 

Kammerer, D., Carle, R., and Schieber, A., Detection of peonidin and pelargonidin glycosides in black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17, 2407, 2003. 

Schwarz, M., Wray, V., and Winterhalter, P., Isolation and identification of novel pyranoanthocyanins from black carrot (Daucus carota L.) juice, J. Agric. Food Chem.,... 

Anthocyanin-based colors Anthocyanin, black carrot, E 163 A = 0.300 at 525 nm Carrot juice, propylene glycol Pink to Red Acidic beverages, fruit fillings, candies and confections... 

Kammerer, D. and Carle, R., Quantification of anthocyanins in black carrot extracts Daucus carota ssp. Sativus var. atrirubens Alef.) and evaluation of their colour properties, Eur. Food Res. Technol, 219, 479, 2004. 

Kirca, A., Ozkan, M., and Cemeroglu, B. (2006). Stability of black carrot anthocyanins in various fruit juices and nectars. Food Chem. 97, 598 05. 

Fig. 13.2 Different anthocyanin sources grapes, black carrots and red cabbage.

Mass spectrometric data to identify phenolic acids is getting more prevalent. Carini et al. [96] and Kammerer et al. [98] published valuable data about the determination of several phenolic acids and derivatives by HPLC/MS, in mate and black carrot, respectively. The data about the determination of phenolic compounds in wine was reviewed by Monagas et al. [72]. Positive ion thermospray LC/MS using a discharge electrode to effect solvent-mediated chemical ionization yields [M + H]+ ions and some fragmentation to principal losses of H2O, CO, and CO2, when applied to the analysis of simple phenolic acids [99]. Electrospray LC/MS is a more promising method and used successfully to determine phenolic acids and conjugates. Mass spectral data of several phenolic acids in flow injection analysis particle beam electron impact (FIA-PB-EI) MS is shown in Table 10.10 [100]. 

Ersus S, Yurdagel U. Microencapsulation of anthocyanin pigments of black carrot (DaucuscarotaL.) by spray drier. J Food Eng. 2007 80(3) 805-812. 

The most popular method of pigments encapsulation is spray-drying. Many papers present information about microencapsulation by spray-drying, and this method is most frequently used to protect pigments obtained from vegetables, fruits, flowers, and plants, for example, black carrot, curcumin, beetroot, or roselle. Application of natural polymers as shell to protect beetroot color increased the half-life of spray dried dye about three times, whilst pink color was stabile for about 8 weeks. In case of red roselle pigments stabilization, after microencapsulation, it was acceptable to extend the storage time under different water activities up to 4 months. ... 

Ersus, S. and Yurdagel, U. 2007. Microencapsulation of anthocyanin of black carrot (Daucuscarota L.) by spray drying. J. Food Eng. 80 805-812. 

Cuevas MontUla E., Rodriguez Arzaba M., HUlebrand S., Winterhalter P. Anthocyanin composition of black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) cultivars Antonina, Beta Sweet, Deep Purple, and Purple Haze. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59 3385-3390 (2011). 

---