Amended soils

Treatment of the extract with UV light (4) for 16 hours completely destroyed TCDD in the amended soil. The extract from the unamended soil was not changed by irradiation. Peaks close to the TCDD peak in retention time ( 0.2 min) were not altered. Recovery of ca. 100% was obtained when 5 ppb TCDD was added to the soil. A peak should be discernible at a concentration of 1 ppb as seen on the control core. However, background interference, even in the cleaned up residue, increased tremendously at the very low levels, and confirmation of a peak s identity was very difficult. 

In contrast to the three-ring compounds, residues of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[fl]pyrene were found after 15 weeks incubation in compost-amended soil. 

Whereas plausible fungal metabolites from anthracene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, and benz[fl]anthracene—anthracene-9,10-quinone, acenaphthene-9,10-dione, fluorene-9-one, and benz[fl]anthracene-7,12-quinone—were found transiently in compost-amended soil, these were formed even in sterile controls by abiotic reactions (Wischmann and Steinhart 1997). 

Tsutsuki K, Ponnamperuma FN. Behavior of anaerobic decomposition products in submerged soils Effects of organic material amendment, soil properties, and temperature. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 1987 33 13-33. 

Eichhom P, Lopez O, Barcelo D (2005) Application of liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and characterisation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfophenyl carboxylates in sludge-amended soils. J Chromatogr A 1067 171-179... 

There are a number of selective sequential dissolution procedures which have been developed for specific elements, matrices, regional soils, and specific purposes (Table 4.1). Additionally, various extractants are used in different sequential procedures for the similar targeted solid-phase component. The review on the extractants of individual fractions of metals in soil was made by Shuman (1991). However, in most protocols the trace elements/heavy metals in their native and waste-amended soils are divided into the following physicochemical forms ... 

Two parameters, the redistribution index (Uts) and the reduced partitioning parameter (IR), are used to describe the redistribution processes of trace elements in contaminated arid soils (Figs. 6.5-6.6) (Han et al., 2003a). The redistribution index depicts the removal or attainment of element-contaminated soils from or to the fractional distribution pattern characteristic of non-amended soils. However, the reduced partitioning parameter quantifies the relative binding intensity of trace elements in soils. 

Drying and remoistening air-dry soils greatly lowers their ability to oxidize Cr (Bartlett and James, 1980). Since Cr3+ has a similar ionic radius (0.64 x 10 10 m) to Mg (0.65 x 10 10 m) and trivalent Fe (0.65 x 10 ° m), it is possible that Cr3+ could readily substitute for Mg in silicates and for Fe3+ in iron oxides. This explains the high proportion of Cr found in the residual fraction in the native arid soil. On the other hand, humic acids have a high affinity for Cr (III) (Adriano, 1986). Thus, present results show that when soluble Cr was added to soils, Cr3+ was initially and immediately bound to the organic matter fraction. Due to its slow conversion into the reducible oxide and residual fractions, Cr in the amended soils departed and remained removed from the quasi-equilibrium. However, Cr approached the quasiequilibrium with time. 

Figure 6.14. Changes of Ub of Cd, Cu and Zn in an Israeli sandy soil after 8 months of sludge application (T is the total metal content in the non-amended soil) (after Han et al., 2003a. Reprinted from Adv Environ Res, 8, Han F.X., Banin A., Kingery W.L., Triplett G.B., Zhou L.X., Zheng S.J., Ding W.X., New approach to studies of redistribution of heavy metals in soils, p 117, Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier)...

Figure 6.15. The average transfer fluxes of Cr and Cu among solid-phase components in Israeli soils. The soils received metal nitrates at the 3T level under the field capacity moisture regime (T total metal content in non-amended soils)...

---