Phosphates, organic

Phosphate Esters. The phosphorylation of sucrose using sodium metaphosphate has been reported (78). Lyoptulization of a sodium metaphosphate solution of sucrose at pH 5 for 20 hours followed by storage at 80°C for five days produced a mixture of sucrose monophosphates. These products were isolated by preparative hplc, with a calculated yield of 27% based on all organic phosphate as sucrose monoesters. Small proportions of glucose and fmctose were also formed. 

Some water samples contain phosphoms forms other than phosphate, eg, polyphosphate, hexametaphosphate, and organic phosphates. These forms can be hydrolyzed to phosphate in hot sulfuric acid solution and deterrnined by the preceding method. The more refractory organic phosphates require digestion in a sulfuric acid—ammonium persulfate solution. Ion chromatography can also be used to measure at 2 to 10 ppb (21). 

Many similar hydrocarbon duids such as kerosene and other paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils and vegetable oils such as linseed oil [8001-26-17, com oil, soybean oil [8001-22-7] peanut oil, tall oil [8000-26-4] and castor oil are used as defoamers. Liquid fatty alcohols, acids and esters from other sources and poly(alkylene oxide) derivatives of oils such as ethoxylated rosin oil [68140-17-0] are also used. Organic phosphates (6), such as tributyl phosphate, are valuable defoamers and have particular utiHty in latex paint appHcations. Another important class of hydrocarbon-based defoamer is the acetylenic glycols (7), such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol which are widely used in water-based coatings, agricultural chemicals, and other areas where excellent wetting is needed. 

Of interest is the manner in which cavities of the appropriate size are introduced into ion-selective membranes. These membranes typically consist of highly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (see Membrane technology). Plasticizers (qv) are organic solvents such as phthalates, sebacates, trimelLitates, and organic phosphates of various kinds, and cavities may simply be the excluded volumes maintained by these solvent molecules themselves. More often, however, neutral carrier molecules (20) are added to the membrane. These molecules are shaped like donuts and have holes that have the same sizes as the ions of interest, eg, valinomycin [2001-95-8] C H QN O g, and nonactin [6833-84-7] have wrap around stmctures like methyl monensin... 

The paper-impregnation drying oven exhausts contain high concentrations (10—20% LEL) of alcohols and some resin monomer. Vinyl resins and melamine resins, which sometimes also contain organic phosphate fire retardants, may be used for air filters. The organic phosphates could shorten catalyst life depending on the mechanism of reduction of catalyst activity. Mild acid leaching removes iron and phosphoms from partially deactivated catalyst and has restored activity in at least one known case. 

Air-poUutant effects on neural and sensory functions in humans vary widely. Odorous pollutants cause only minor annoyance yet, if persistent, they can lead to irritation, emotional upset, anorexia, and mental depression. Carbon monoxide can cause death secondary to the depression of the respiratory centers of the central nervous system. Short of death, repeated and prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide can alter sensory protection, temporal perception, and higher mental functions. Lipid-soluble aerosols can enter the body and be absorbed in the lipids of the central nervous system. Once there, their effects may persist long after the initial contact has been removed. Examples of agents of long-term chronic effects are organic phosphate pesticides and aerosols carrying the metals lead, mercury, and cadmium. 

Organic phosphates Tetramethyl thiuram monosulphide and disulphide... 

Plasticizers/oils. These are added for several reasons (a) to improve the compatibility between SBR and the other additives (b) as extender (to reduce cost) (c) to soften the SBR (d) to change the wetting properties. The most common additives are organic phosphates, phthalate esters and aromatic hydrocarbon oils. 

Problem 2.9 Organic phosphate groups occur commonly in biological molecules. Calculate formal charges on the four O atoms in the methyl phosphate dianion. 

ATP is special or different from other compounds they mean only that ATP has relatively weak bonds that require a smaller amount of heat to break, thus leading to a larger release of heat on reaction. When a typical organic phosphate such as glycerol 3-phosphate reacts with water, for instance, only 9 kj/mol of heat is released (AT/° = -9 kj/mol), but when ATP reacts with water, 30 kj/mol of heat is released (AH3 = -30 kj/mol). The difference between the two reactions is due to the fact that the bond broken in ATP is substantially weaker than the bond broken in glycerol 3-phosphate. 

Phosphonates are organic phosphates characterized by a C-P-O bond, which is much more resistant to hydrolysis than the polyphosphate bond (O-P-O) or the phosphate ester bond (C-O-P), making them suitable for many types of BW treatment formulation. Phosphonates were originally developed for the industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning market in the 1960s, but are commonly employed in a myriad of applications. 

Various phospono- and phosphinopolycarboxylic acids (PCAs) are available in the market. These polymers are similar to phosphonates and some actually are phosphonates. They tend to exhibit varying degrees of both deposit control and corrosion control properties. For BW applications, the acrylic acid/organic phosphate polymer (PCA type 16) is the only important phosphinopolycarboxylic and has a C-P-C bond (phosphonates have a C-P-O bond). 

Solubilizing activity are also used in enhanced oil recovery. Tar and extremely viscous hydrocarbons are recovered by the injection of an aqueous solution of an anionic orthophosphate ester surfactant into a petroleum formation, retaining the surfactant in the formation for about 24 h, and displacing the solubilized hydrocarbons toward a recovery well. The surfactant forms an oil microemulsion with the hydrocarbons in the formation. An anionic monoorthophosphate ester surfactant which is a free acid of an organic phosphate ester was dissolved in water. The input of surfactant solution was 2-25% of the pore volume of the formation [250]. To produce a concentrate for the manufacture... 

Moeller HC, Rider JA. 1959. The effects of various organic phosphate insecticides on RBC and plasma cholinesterase in humans [Abstract]. Fed Proc 18 424. 

Van Bao T, Szabo I, Ruzicska P, et al. 1974. Chromosome aberrations in patients suffering acute organic phosphate insecticide intoxication. Humangenetik 24 33-57. 

Williams MW, Fuyat HN, Fitzhugh OG. 1959. The subacute toxicity of four organic phosphates to dogs. Toxicology 1 1-7. 

Uses The highest value inorganic acid marketed in the U.S. and second in value to sulfuric acid. Used primarily for the preparation of salts used as fertilizers (ammonium and calcium salts), water softeners and detergents, animal feeds, and baking powder. Food-grade phosphoric acid is used to acidify soft drinks, e.g.. Coca Cola. Organic phosphates are used in flame retardants. 

Anionic Association Polymer. Another type of lost circulation agent is a combination of an organic phosphate ester and an aluminum compound, for example, aluminum isopropoxide. The action of this system as a fluid loss agent seems to be that the alkyl phosphate ester becomes crosslinked by the aluminum compound to form an anionic association polymer, which serves as the gelling agent [1488]. 

Organic phosphates and organic phosphonates are known as scale inhibitors. At the same time, substances in this class can be nutrients for certain bacteria. Therefore a phosphorous nutrient injection system can both prevent scales and act as a nutrient in favorite cases [903,904],... 

J. Gerke, Orthophosphate and organic phosphate in the soil solution of four sandy soils—evidence for humic-Fe(Al) phosphate complexes. Commim. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25 601 (1992). 

N. G. Juma and M. A. Tabatabai, Hydrolysis of organic phosphates by corn and soybean roots. Plant Soil 707 31 (1988). 

D. T. Mitchell and D. J. Read, Utilization of inorganic and organic phosphates by the mycorrhizal endophytes of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Rhododendron ponti-cum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 76 255 (1981). 

Organic phosphates Organic phosphites Organic phosphonates... 

In common with other organic phosphates, parathion is readily absorbed following application to the skin. Dry formulation materially reduced the toxicity. These observations are not in agreement with the data of Lehman (9) so far as the toxic dose is concerned. Because parathion is almost insoluble in water, no comparison can be made between the aqueous solution and the dry powder. The dry formulation of parathion is less... 

Central nervous system Nicotine, strychnine, arsenic, halogenated hydrocarbons, organic phosphates, dinitro-phenols, fluoroacetate (1080)... 

Peripheral nervous system Nicotine, organic phosphates... 

Lung Organic phosphates, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene chlorohydrin... 

Muscles Blood pigment Bone Hair Organic phosphates... 

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