Blueberry Vaccinium

All blueberries belong to the genus Vaccinium. The family includes the Highbush (V. corymbosum and V. ashei) and the Native American wild low bush (E augustifolium). All blueberries originated in the wild. Highbush blueberries represent 57% of total North American blueberry production. 

Blueberries contain flavonoids (see Chapter 31), which include the following items. 

Blueberries contain condensed tannins that help prevent urinary tract infections. Blueberries contain Anthocyanin (which is responsible for its deep blue color), which is a flavonoid, a plant antioxidant (see Chapter 8 and Chapter 31). Flavonoids such as anthocyanin found in blueberries have a different chemical structure compared to other common antioxidants such as vitamin C, which makes them three to four times more potent. Antioxidants neutralize the effects of free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can attack human cells and damage their DNA. 

Apple lowers cholesterol and risk for cancer. Has mild antibacterial, antiviral, and antiinflammatory estrogenic activity. It is high in fiber, helps avoid constipation, and suppresses appetite. 

Asparagus is a super source of the antioxidant glutathione, which lowers cancer risk (see Chapter 13). 

---

Galactose is the second most widespread monosaccharide in foods, being found in apples, dwarf dogwood, cranberries, black chokeberries, highbush blueberries, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, - Coriaria myrtifolia, black carrots, " eggplants, pistachios, and black and kidney beans. ... 

Anthocyanins from apples, cranberries, black chokeberries, - blackberries of an unknown cultivar, - highbush blueberries, - - Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, cv. Balaton black cherries, and black lentils" contained arabi-nose. This pentose was not found in any of the vegetables presented in Table 4.3.3. Even less widespread is xylose, found in Red Delicious apple cultivars, black chokeberries, different cultivars of blackberries, evergreen blackberries, red currants, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, different cultivars of red rasp-berry, - - and black carrots. " ... 

Kalt, W, Ryan D A, Duy J C, Prior R L, Ehlenfeldt M K, and Vander Kloet S P (2001), Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus spp.) , J Agric Food Chem, 49, 4761-4767. 

Blueberry, Vaccinium pallidum Leaf, Missouri distance from smelter ... 

Wheat, Triticum aestivum from sludge-amended soil (19.4 mg Ni/kg DW soil) vs. nonsludge amended soil Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium leaf various distances from nickel smelter... 

Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Maine, leaf ... 

Spruce species (Picea excelsa) Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)... 

McIntyre KL, Harris CS, Saleem A, et al (2009) Seasonal phytochemical variation of anti-glycation principles in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). Planta Med 75 286-292... 

Blueberry consists of cultivated highbush blueberries Vaccinium corymbo-sum) and wild lowbush blueberries Vaccinium august ifolium). The aroma of cultivated and wild blueberries is dominated by long-chain alcohols, esters and terpenoids. Forney [43] reported that y-butyrolactone, a-terpineol, 6-ethyl 2,6-decadiene-4,5-diol, linalool, benzaldehyde and 2-ethyl-2-hexenal contribute to the aroma of fresh, whole highbush blueberries using GC-O analysis. In... 

Anthocyanins occur in abundance in berries where they provide the fruits with their distinctive and vibrant palate of colors. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpori), blackberry, and elderberry (Sambucus nigra) contain derivatives of only one type of anthocyanin (i.e., cyanidin), while a wide array of anthocyanins is found in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) (Fig. 1.21). 

Skrede, G., Wrolstad, R.E., and Durst, R.W., Changes in anthocyanins and polyphenolics during juice processing of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), J. Food Sci., 65, 235-364, 2000. 

BILBERRY FRUIT (EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY — VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS)... 

Ayaz, F.A. Hayirlioglu-Ayaz, S. Gruz, J. Novak, O. Stmad, M. 2005. Separation, characterization, and quantitation of phenolic acids in a little-known blueberry Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) fruit by HPLC-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 8116-8122. 

Zu, X.Y. Zhang, Z.Y. Zhang, X.W. Yoshioka, M. Yang, Y. N Li, J. 2010. Anthocyanins extracted from Chinese blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) and its anticancer effects onDLD-1 andCOLO205 cells. Chin. Med. J. 123 2714-2719. 

Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium corymbosum) Canada, united states... 

Blueberry Vaccinium ashei Reade (Rabbiteye) 231-458 6 Prior et ah, 1998... 

Blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton 28 20 Kalt et ah, 1999a... 

Content and Recovery of Anthocyanins, Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonol Glycosides and Procyanidins in Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum var. Bluecrop) during Juice Processing1... 

FIGURE 3.8 Anthocyanin retention in pasteurized juice from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum, var. Bluecrop) incubated with blanched and not-blanched blueberry pulp for 3 h at 40°C. [Source Skrede et al. (2000a), with permission.]... 

Kevan, P.G. (1975). Forest application of the insecticide fenitrothion and its effects on wild pollinators (Hymenoptera Apoidea) of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) in southern New Brunswick, Canada. Biol. Conserv. 7, 301-309. 

Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus, 707 Elderberry, Sambucus spp., 203 Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, 332 Strawbory, Fragaria vesca, 332 Broccoli, Brassica oleracea italica, 297, 829 Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea gemmifera, 523, 659... 

---