The plan

The distinction between biochemistry and molecular biology is difficult to define. There is a considerable area of overlap between the two, although there are 

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Based on the results of the feasibility study, and assuming that at least one option is economically viable, a field development plan can now be formulated and subsequently executed. The plan is a key document used for achieving proper communication, discussion and agreement on the activities required for the development of a new field, or extension to an existing development. 

Careful planning of drilling activities will avoid unnecessary expenditure or risks. The planning process is vital for achieving the objectives of a well. Usually, wells are drilled with one, or a combination, of the following objectives ... 

The planning details will also allow the engineer to estimate the costs, which in combination with other data will allow an evaluation of the profitability of the project. 

A site survey will be carried out, from which a number of parameters can be established, e.g. carrying capacity of the soil at the planned location, possible access routes, surface restrictions like built-up areas, lakes, nature reserves, the general topography, possible water supplies. The survey will allow the adequate preparation of the future location. For instance, onshore in a swamp area the soil needs to be covered with support mats. 

The survey requirements will depend on rig type and the extent of the planned development e. single exploration well or drilling jacket installation. Atypical survey area is some 4 km by 4 km centred on the planned location. Surveys may include... 

If a shallow kick off in soft formation is required (e.g. to steer the borehole away underneath platforms) a technique using jet bit deflection or badgering is employed (Fig. 3.16). A rock bit is fitted with two small and one large jet. With the bit on bottom and oriented in the desired direction the string is kept stationary and mud is pumped through the nozzles. This causes asymmetric erosion of the borehole beneath the larger jet. Once sufficient hole has been jetted, the drill bit will be rotated again and the new course followed. This process will be repeated until the planned deviation is reached. 

The time taken to complete a base line study and EIA should not be underestimated. The baseline study describes and inventorises the natural initial flora, fauna, the aquatic life, land and seabed conditions prior to any activity. In seasonal climates, the baseline study may need to cover the whole year. The duration of an EIA depends upon the size and type of area under study, and the previous work done in the area, but may typically take six months. The EIA is often an essential step in project development and should not be omitted from the planning schedule. 

Other information that can be obtained from such map is the location of faults, the status and location of wells and the location of the fluid contacts. Figure 5.45 shows some of the most frequently used map symbols. Structural maps are used in the planning of development activities such as well trajectories/targets and the estimation of reserves. 

By plotting the cumulative resource weighting against time, the planned progress of the project can be illustrated, as shown in Figure 12.8. This type of plot Is often referred to as an S -Curve, as projects often need time to gain momentum and slow down towards completion (unlike the example shown). 

Decommissioning is often a complex and risky operation. The five key considerations are the potential impact on the environment, potential impact on human health and safety, technical feasibility, costs of the plan, and public acceptability. 

The planning of decommissioning activities involves extensive periods of consultations with the relevant authorities and interested parties, such as fishing and environmental groups. 

Online control of the AlR-1 robot is done from within the UltraSIM/UlScan generic scanner control module. With a scanning program as input, the control application is able to calculate and perform cartesian motion for any usual robot manipulator having an inverse solution. The planned robot motion can be simulated off-line before online execution regarding joint and robot position, speed and acceleration. During robot inspection the 3D virtual inspection environment is updated real-time according to the actual robot motion. 

Agreement on the NDE plan will be dependent on the extent and relevance of theschedule. Under the amendments proposed to the Rules Surveyors will check that structurally significant welds are included in the shipyard s quality control programme. When agreement has been reached the Surveyor will endorse the plan. 

The plan of this chapter is as follows. We discuss chemisorption as a distinct topic, first from the molecular and then from the phenomenological points of view. Heterogeneous catalysis is then taken up, but now first from the phenomenological (and technologically important) viewpoint and then in terms of current knowledge about surface structures at the molecular level. Section XVIII-9F takes note of the current interest in photodriven surface processes. 

This is the domain of synthesis design, and the planning of chemical reactions. 

A drawback of this approach is that it typically generates enormous and imwieldy synthesis trees which contain a large number of dead-end branches which are not worth further consideration. Furthermore, the chemist is forced to follow a rigid scheme during the planning process, alternating between the application of transforms, the derivation of new precursors, and again the application of further transforms to these precursors. 

Proposed flux models for porous media invariably contain adjustable parameters whose values must be determined from suitably designed flow or diffusion measurements, and further measurements may be made to test the relative success of different models. This may involve extensive programs of experimentation, and the planning and interpretation of such work forms the topic of Chapter 10, However, there is in addition a relatively small number of experiments of historic importance which establish certain general features of flow and diffusion in porous media. These provide criteria which must be satisfied by any proposed flux model and are therefore of central importance in Che subject. They may be grouped into three classes. 

Reagent A compound which reacts to give an intermediate in the planned synthesis or to give the target molecule itself. The synthetic equivalent of a synthon. 

ITiis chapter does not introduce new chemical reactions. On the contrary, mainly elementary reactions are employed. The attempt is made here to provide an introduction into the planning of syntheses of simple "target molecules" based upon the synthon approach ofE.J. Corey (1967A, 1971) and the knowledge of the market of "fine chemicals". 

A key factor in obtaining binding support for aquaculture is development of a sound business plan. The plan needs to demonstrate that the prospective culturist has identified all costs associated with estabhshment of the faciUty and its day-to-day operation. One or more suitable sites should have been identified and the species to be cultured selected before the business plan is submitted. Cost estimates should be verifiable. Having actual bids for a specific task at a specific location eg, pond constmction, well drilling, building constmction, and vehicle costs helps strengthen the business plan. 

Total number of faciUties reported in early 1985 was 111 in operation, 50 under constmction, and 72 in the planning stages (112,113). 

Fig. 3. Three-dimeiisioiial flow for stream recharge via a water table aquifer where (a) is the elevation view and (b) is the plan view.

Maintenance costs influence the bottom line of every balance sheet. As a result, maintenance managers can improve the entire faciHty by helping make sure that the planning and design of new constmction and renovation projects takes place with maintenance in mind (1). 

A researcher formulating a strategy for a particular company must determine what portion of the planned output will be sold by its sales force and whether distributors or manufacturers representatives might be beneficial. If it appears that a distributor or agent is needed, a separate evaluation of the capabihties of representative companies or individuals should be made. 

Figure 12 shows the plan and elevation views of a process unit piping (9). A dmm is supported off the piperack. Heat exchangers are located far enough back from the support columns so that they are accessible and their shell covers can be removed. Pumps are located underneath the piperack, but sufficient room is provided for maintenance equipment to access the motors and to remove the pump if necessary. The motor is always oriented away from the process equipment and located on that side of the piperack. Instmment valve drops are shown supported from the columns. The instmment trays themselves mn on the outside of the support columns. Flat turns are only made from the outside position of the piperack. Nozzle-to-nozzle pipe mns are made whenever possible. Larger lines are located on the outside of the piperack. Connections to nozzles above the rack are made from the top... 

Disaster Planning. Plant managers should recogni2e the possibiHty of natural and industrial emergencies and should oversee formulation of a plan of action in case of disaster. The plan should be weU documented and be made known to all personnel critical to its implementation. Practice fire and explosion drills should be carried out to make sure that all personnel, ie, employees, visitors, constmction workers, contractors, vendors, etc, are accounted for, and that the participants know what to do in a major emergency. 

A thorough sampling plan should describe when the sample is to be taken and how many samples are required. It also specifies from what location within the equipment, such as the manway or discharge valve, to take the sample. The plan should also indicate what sampling equipment and sample container should be used, as well as the type of tests to be performed and the acceptance criteria. 

Are R D practices linked to business practices Are work processes those needed to implement the plans Are work processes defined, disciplined, and structured Is the human side of work practices understood Are there metrics related to the goals/results of the work processes ... 

Are global technology networks and collaborations fostered Are individual objectives supporting the plan Is individual work organized Are teams adequately chartered Are individual motivation factors understood and acted upon Are researchers becoming active learners ... 

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