Flow Design

Normally no flow, design only, for line sizing based on 60% water cut at SOOOm /d... 

Most flow problems can be overcome by using a mass flow design if the mass flow pattern developed by the bin is not disturbed. Thus a properly designed feeder or discharger must be employed. A feeder is used whenever there is a requirement to transfer soflds at a controlled rate from the bin to a process or a tmck. A discharger is used when there is a need to discharge soflds, not control the rate of discharge. 

Centrifugal, including radial, mixed flow, and axial flow designs... 

Trumpet-shaped enlargements for turbulent flow designed for constant decrease in velocity head per unit length were found by Gibson (ibid., p. 95) to give 20 to 60 percent less friclional loss than straight taper pipes of the same length. 

A double-split-flow design is shown in Fig. 11-35H. The longitudinal baffles may be solid or perforated. 

Air flow can be totally cocurrent, countercurrent, or a combination of both as shown in Fig. 12-54. In addition, cross-flow designs... 

Material-Flow Cbaracteristics Two important definitions of the flow characteristics of a storage vessel are mass flow, which means that all the material in the vessel moves whenever any is withdrawn (Fig. 21-17), and funnel flow, which occurs when only a portion of the material flows (usually in a channel or rathole in the center of the system) when any material is withdrawn (Fig. 21-18). Some typical mass-flow designs are shown in Fig. 21-19. 

Other Considerations Cyclones perform more efficiently with higher pollutant loadings, provided that the device does not become choked. Higher pollutant loadings are generally associated with higher flow designs (Andriola, 1999). 

For first order irreversible reaetion at eonstant density A —> produets, (-r ) = kC, the plug flow design equation is... 

This phase is where the basic design work, such as process flow design, is performed. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P IDs) and equipment... 

Advanced two- and three-dimensional computer analysis methods are used today in the analyses of all critical components to verify aerodynamic, heat transfer, and mechanical performance. Additionally, the reduction of leakage paths in the compressor, as well as in the gas turbine expander, results in further plant efficiency improvements. At the compressor inlet, an advanced inlet flow design improves efficiency by reducing pressure loss. Rotor air cooler heat utilization and adt anccd blade and vane cooling arc also used. 

The HP, IP, and LP turbines may be either singleflow or double-flow designs, depending upon the volume of steam utilized. In a single-flow turbine, the total volume of steam enters at one end and exliausts at the other end. The double flow is designed so the steam enters at the center and divides. Half flows in one direction, and half in the other direction into exhausts at each end of the turbine. 

The term bladed refers to raised, continuous flow restrictors with a standoff distance from the bit body of more than 1.0 in. In most cases cutters are affixed to the blades so that the cutter arrangement may also be described as bladed. The term ribbed refers to raised continuous flow restrictors with a standoff distance from the bit body of 1.0 in. or less. Cutters are usually affixed to most of the ribs so that the cutter arrangement may also be described as ribbed. The term open face refers to nonrestricted flow arrangements. Open face flow designs generally have a more even distribution of cutters over the bit face than with bladed or ribbed designs. 

In the more favored multi-stage axial flow design the bladeing is of the impulse type (known as a Rateau or Curtis type stage) or of the reaction type. It is popular among manufacturers to design multi-stage machines with a combination of these two types, and the most common combinations are ... 

Reverse-pulse filters are typically operated at higher filtration velocities (i.e., air-to-cloth ratios) than shaker or reverse-flow designs. Filtration velocities may range from 3 to 15 feet per minute in reverse-pulse applications, depending on the dust being collected. However, the most the commonly used range is 4 to 5 feet per minute. 

First down-flow design FCC unit was brought on-line. First thermal catalytic cracking (TCC) brought on-line. 

EffecI of Ihe operaling condilions The operating conditions have an important influence. Generally the factors involved are complex they include temperature, rate of flow, design features and stray currents. 

J.N. Michaels, C.G. Vayenas, and L.L. Hegedus, A Novel Cross-Flow Design for Solid State Electrochemical Reactors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133, 522-525 (1986). 

GENEREAUX, R. P. (1937) Ind. Eng. Chem. 29, 385. Fluid-flow design methods. 

For continuous reactors, plug-flow designs require smaller volumes and hence smaller inventories than mixed-flow designs for the same conversion, as discussed in Chapter 5. 

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