Skin lymphoma

Battifora H, Silva EG. The use of antikeratin antibodies in the immunohistochemical distinction between neutoendoctine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin, lymphoma, and oat cell cat-cinoma. Cancer. 1986 58 1040-1046. 

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage of disease caused by infection with HIV. In this stage, the vims infection has severely affected the immune system, causing a depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells. AIDS is characterized by the manifestation of typical diseases caused by opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CMV retinitis, candidiasis of the esophagus, cerebral toxoplasmosis), neurological manifestations, cachexia, or certain tumors (Kaposi sarcoma of the skin, B-cell lymphoma). 

Patients in the more aggressive categories are less likely to exhibit involvement of the skin and have a less favorable prognosis [10]. Those patients may have a definable hematological disorder such as a myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorder, acute leukemia, or a malignant lymphoma. In aggressive mastocytosis and mast cell leukemia, the clinical course is determined by the rapidity of the increase in mast cell numbers. 

Prevention Minimize immunosuppressant doses avoid sun exposure (sunblock, hats, clothing) routine self-exams (skin, lymph nodes) yearly gynecologic/prostate exams AZA particularly associated with skin cancers CSA/TAC may be associated with lymphoproliferative disorders (lymphomas)... 

Immunodeficiency has been associated with an increased incidence of viral-induced cancers, which tend to be more immunogenic than those that are chemically-induced. Cancers related to immunosuppression include leukemia and cancers of the skin (seen in transplant patients4) as well as Kaposi s sarcoma and EB V-associated B cell lymphomas (observed in HIV/AIDS patients). 

Phenol has been tested in animals for carcinogenicity by the oral and dermal routes, but results are equivocal. In a chronic NCI cancer bioassay (NCI 1980), a significant incidence of tumors (pheochro-mocytomas of the adrenal gland, leukemia, or lymphomas) occurred only in male rats exposed to the lowest dose level (2,500 ppm, 277 mg/kg/day) of phenol but not in male or female mice or male rats exposed to a higher dose level (5,000 ppm, 624 mg/kg/day). Since tumors occurred only in males in one of the two species tested, and since a positive dose-response relationship was not established, this study does not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that phenol is carcinogenic when administered by the oral route. Dermal application of phenol has been shown to result in tumors in mice phenol is a tumor promoter when it is applied after the application of the tumor initiator DMBA (Boutwell and Bosch 1959 Salaman and Glendenning 1957 Wynder and Hoffmann 1961). However, this effect occurs at dose levels of phenol that produce severe skin... 

Inpus erythematosus A chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, affecting the skin and internal organs, lymphoma A malignant tumor of the lymph nodes, multiple sclerosis A disease of the nervous system, myelodysplasia Abnormal or defective formation of the bone marrow. Mycoplasma Minute primitive bacteria without a rigid cell wall. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia in humans, myeloma cells Malignant tumor cells. 

As in cancer predisposing syndromes, these genetic alterations are sometimes carried in the germline. Among human tumours, heritable mutations are an exception. Most alterations are acquired in somatic life in the form of chromosomal translocations, deletions, inversions, amplifications or point mutations. Certain oncogenic viruses play important roles in a few human tumours. Examples are human papilloma-virus in cervical cancer and skin tumours, Ep-stein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt s lymphoma, and human T-cell leukaemia viruses (e.g. HTLV-I, HTLV-II) in T-cell leukaemia. 

Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were produced in three studies after skin application of benzotrichloride to mice. Lung carcinomas, pulmonary adenomas, and lymphomas were also observed, ftitraperitoneal injection of benzotrichloride produced a significant increase in the lung tumor response in strain A/f mice within 24 weeks. Administration by gastric intubation of doses ranging from 2.0 to... 

Chrysene produced skin tumors after skin application to mice and has been shown to be active as a tumor initiator. Local tumors were observed after its subcutaneous injection in mice. Perinatal administration of chrysene to male mice by intraperitoneal injection increased the incidence of liver tumors, malignant lymphoma, and lung tumors. ... 

Of 111 rats given 20mg of DCB hy injection or gastric intuhation 6 days/week for 10-20 months, 17 had tumors of the zymbal gland (a specialized sebaceous gland adjacent to the external ear canal), 13 had mammary tumors, 8 had skin tumors, 5 had malignant lymphomas, 3 had urinary bladder tumors, 3 had salivary gland tumors, and 2 had intestinal tumors no tumors were found in 130 control... 

HN-2 nitrogen mustard, administered mainly as the hydrochloride, has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats by subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration and by skin painting. It produced mainly lung tumors and lymphomas in mice after subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration. Intravenous injection of nitrogen mustard to rats induced tumors in different organsk Application by skin... 

Phenol was not considered carcinogenic to rats or mice receiving 2 500-5000 ppm in drinking water for 103 weeks, although an increased incidence of leukemia and lymphomas was detected in the low-dose male rats. ° Two-stage carcinogenicity studies showed that phenol, applied repeatedly to mouse skin, has promoting activity. 

A number of early studies also demonstrated the carcinogenicity of VCD in rodents. Dermal application of 16 mg, 5 days per week, for 12 months resulted in squamous cell carcinomas or sarcomas in 9 of 20 exposed male mice. One skin neoplasm and four malignant lymphomas occurred in 16 of 20 mice surviving a total dermal dose of 70 mg over 14 months. ... 

Hypersensitivity Fever, skin eruptions of various types, including exfoliative dermatitis, infectious mononucleosis-like, or lymphoma-like syndrome, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, Coombs positive hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hepatitis, pericarditis, hypoglycemia, optic neuritis, encephalopathy, Leoffler s syndrome, vasculitis, and a reduction in prothrombin. 

Lymphomas As with other immunosuppressants, patients receiving tacrolimus are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin. 

This was the first report of the successful screening of antibiotics for antitumor activity. Antibiotic research was thus expanded to also cover antitumor research. The term antitumor antibiotics was coined to include those compounds that are produced by microorganisms and inhibit the growth of tumor cells and tumors. Since that time, I have been continuing the study of new antitumor 2Uitlbiotics. Up to now with my collaborators I discovered eibout 65 antitumor antibiotics and elucidated structures of about 50 of them. Among them, bleomycin which we discovered in 1966 (76,79) has been used in the treatment of Hodgkin s lymphoma, tumors of the testis, and carcinomas of the skin, head, neck, and cervix. 

The principal advantage of MMF over alternative systemic immunosuppressive agents (e.g., methotrexate, cyclosporine) is its relative lack of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Adverse effects produced by MMF most commonly include nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and possibly an increased incidence of viral and bacterial infections. Whether MMF may be associated with an increased long-term risk of lymphoma or other malignancies is controversial however, any such risk is likely to be lower in patients treated for skin disease with MMF monotherapy than in transplant patients treated with combination immunosuppressive therapy. 

The incidence of nonallergic ampicillin eruptions is 40 to 100% in patients with concomitant Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus, acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, or reticulosarcoma. Nonallergic penicillin-associated rashes are characteristically morbilliform (symmetrical, erythematous, confluent, maculopapular) eruptions on the extremities. The onset of typical nonallergic eruptions is more than 72 hours after (3-lactam exposure. The mechanism for the nonurticarial ampicillin rash is not known and is not related to IgE or type I hypersensitivity. Penicillin skin tests are not useful in the evaluation of nonurticarial ampicillin rashes. Patients with a history of nonurticarial ampicillin rashes may receive other (3-lactam antibiotics without greater risk of subsequent serious allergic reactions. 

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