Lymph node

Pneumogstis carini pneumonia (PCP), the most common of the opportunistic infections, occurs in more than 80% of AIDS patients (13). Toxoplasmosis, a proto2oan infection of the central nervous system, is activated in AIDS patients when the 004 count drops and severe impairment of ceU-mediated immunity occurs. Typically, patients have a mass lesion(s) in the brain. These mass lesions usually respond well to therapy and can disappear completely. Fungal infections, such as CTyptococcalmeningitis, are extremely common in AIDS patients, and Histop/asma capsulatum appears when ceU-mediated immunity has been destroyed by the HIV vims, leading to widespread infection of the lungs, Hver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. AIDS patients are particularly susceptible to bacteremia caused by nontyphoidal strains of Salmonella. Bacteremia may be cleared by using antibiotic therapy. 

Diethylcarbama2iae has limited antimicrofilarial activity against Onchocerca volvulus. Adults of W. bancrofti the filarial worm causiag elephantiasis, coil in the lymph system. Here females can attain a length of 10 cm. Over the years, tissue reactions result in obstmction to lymph return. Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and the spleen become enlarged. The condition of elephantiasis is a late and unusual complication of filariasis, where the lower extremities of the body become edematous, enlarge, and over a period of time harden with a rough nodular skin. 

Systemic reactions are less severe than with diethylcarbama2ine. The most commonly seen reactions are fever, rash, and lymph-node pain or swelling. Suppressive ivermectin therapy consists of a single oral dose every 6—18 months. The required duration of suppressive therapy is unknown, probably at least three years (36). Ivermectin is available from the CDC Dmg Service on request. It is manufactured by Merck Sharp and Dohme in the United States and England. 

Blood-forming tissues consist of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and the reticuloendothelial system. These produce the elements of blood and are important for the immunological defense systems. 

In the specialized environment of secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, dendritic cells provide the requirements for naive T-lymphocytes to become activated and to proliferate. The professional antigen-presenting cells present peptides in MHC II, express costimulatory molecules, and release cytokines into the immunological synapse, which is formed by the antigen-presenting cell and the naive T-lymphocyte. Thus, cells of innate immunity initiate and facilitate the activation of naive lymphocytes, and it is easily conceivable that their cytokines and adhesion molecules will instruct the naive T-lymphocyte during activation and differentiation to T-effector cells. 

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

NF-kB is also crucial for the proper functioning of the adaptive immune system not only by acting on the immune cells themselves but also by participating in the development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer s patches), in which both B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation and activation. NF-kB proteins have an important role in lymphocyte development and... 

P2Y13 Spleen, brain, lymph nodes, bone marrow ADP = 2-MeSADP > > ATP = 2-MeSATP MRS2211, 2-MeSAMP Gj/o... 

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes Thorium oxide Thonotrast Uptake by macrophages, RES Urich K. (1995) Successes and failures in the development of contrast media. Blackwell, Berlin... 

Reductive amination of AT-succinyl chitosan and lactose using sodium cyanoborohydride in a phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) for 6 days was suitable for the preparation of lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan (Fig. 3). Over 10% of dose/g-tissue was distributed to the prostate and lymph nodes at 48 h postadministration in both chitosan and lactosaminated N-succinyl chitosan. The labeled lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan was easily distributed into not only the liver but also prostate, intestine, preputial gland and lymph nodes [153]. 

There was a suggestion of dose-related immunosuppressive effects in rabbits fed methyl parathion in the diet at 0.04, 0.16, 0.57, and 1.48 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. These effects consisted of decreased numbers of plasma cells in popliteal lymph nodes (at all doses compared to controls), decreased numbers of germinal... 

Lymphoreticular Effects—Represent morphological effects involving lymphatic tissues such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. 

Routine gross and histopathologic examination of the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen did not reveal any effects of nose-only exposure of rats to concentrahons of endosulfan of up to 2 mg/m for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for a total of 21 out of 29 days (Hoechst 1984c). No studies directly assessing immunologic function were located. 

Also, chronic-duration studies have not generally shown adverse effects on organs of the immune system. Routine gross and histopathologic examination of the lymph nodes and thymus of rats, mice, and dogs exposed to endosulfan for 2 years at doses of up to 2.9 mg/kg/day (Hoechst 1989a), 2.51 mg/kg/day (Hoechst 1988b), and 1 mg/kg/day (EMC 1967), respectively, revealed no adverse effects. However, these studies did not assess immune function directly. 

As was the case with albumin, reports on clinical studies employing gelatin microspheres are limited and confined to Japan. Bleomycin, contained in a microsphere-in-oil formulation, was targeted to the lymph nodes for the treatment of infantile cystic hygroma, a benign tumor (143). Successful treatment was noted in all cases. 

In comparison to intravenous administration of MLV, which usually results in a rapid and almost quantitative uptake into liver and spleen, the fraction taken up into these organs is lower after intraperitoneal injection of these large liposomes. The reason might be that liposomes are trapped in lymph nodes and degradation of the liposomes in the peritoneal cavity can occur (Ellens et al., 1981 Parker et al., 1982) besides, several types of liposomes are degraded more quickly in lymphatic fluid than in plasma (Parker et al, 1981a,b). 

Lymph Node Metastases Tumor ceils often metastasize through lymphatic channels (Abe and Taneichi, 1972 Knapp and Friedman,... 

Abe, R., and Taneichi, N. (1972). Lymphatic metastasis in experimental cecal cancer Effectiveness of lymph nodes as barriers to the spread of tumor cells. Arch. Surg.. 104, 95-98. 

Knapp, R. C., and Friedman, E. A. (1974). Aortic lymph node metastases in early ovarian cancer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.. 

B. E. (1979). RadionucUde-labelled liposomes—A new lymph node imaging agent, Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol.. 6, 75-83. 

---