Project work

Assuming you have a choice, this important decision should be researched carefully. Make appointments to visit possible supervisors and ask them for advice on topics that you find interesting. Use library texts and research papers to obtain further background information. Perhaps the most important criterion is whether the topic will sustain your interest over the whole period of the project. Other things to look for include  

As with any lengthy exercise, planning is required to make the best use of the time allocated. This is true on a daily basis as well as over the entire period of the project. It is especially important not to underestimate the time it will take to write and produce your thesis (see below). If you wish to benefit from feedback given by your supervisor, you should aim to have drafts in his/her hands in good time. Since a large proportion of marks will be allocated to the report, you should not rush its production. 

If your department requires you to write an interim report, look on this as an opportunity to clarify your thoughts and get some of the time-consuming preparative work out of the way. If not, you should set your own deadlines for producing drafts of the introduction, materials and methods section, etc. 

Project work can be very time consuming at times. Try not to neglect other aspects of your course - make sure your lecture notes are up to date and collect relevant supporting information as you go along. 

Consider sriluty. aspects of work including risk assessment s (see Chapter 2) 

The Internet as an information source -since many university departments have home pages on the World Wide Web, searches using relevant key words may indicate where research in your area is currently being carried out. Academics usually respond positively to e-mailed questions about their area of expertise. 

Asking around - one of the best sources of information about supervisors, laboratories and projects is past students. Some of the postgraduates in your department may be products of your own system and they could provide an alternative source of advice. 

---

The "Plant Life Assessment Network" (PLAN), was started on the 1/12/1997, established around EU funded research projects working in the area of inspection, instrumentation, monitoring, structural mechanics and maintenance. 

Contract review This requirement will have a much higher priority if you use contract labor routinely or are likely to have project work at your facility. This review ensures that PSM, ESH, and quality have been adequately addressed in all contracts. 

What details must be sought from the suppliers of both hardware and software packages How can the computer best meet the department s current requirements and how can it be added to if and when necessary (e.g. increased demand from planned maintenance) How can it be extended to cover other departments (network) Energy consumption input from condition monitoring, stores inventory, project work and possible interaction with space allocation must also be considered. 

The following sections provide a list of best practices. This list represents an overview of the best approaches used to effectively manage shutdowns and project work. The mechanics behind these practices is explained in the balance of this chapter. 

This section is devoted to using critical path method (CPM) as a tool for the scheduling and sequencing of work for shutdowns and project work. 

The SubChem project was developed in the context of discovered deficits in regulating, assessing and dealing with chemicals in Germany and Europe. The project work coincided with review of the EU chemicals pohcy with the result that the initial scientific results of SubChem were also able to contribute to the political process surrounding the chemicals White Paper and the REACH ordinance. 

Even if a preliminary understanding of iimovation in the field of hazardous substances or chemicals tends to think initially of substance innovations, i.e. tally new substances, as the project work progressed, the importance of developing new substances in the chemicals market (substance innovations) became clearly relative. When analysing the case studies, the choice of which had essentially been made from their relevance for the subject of substitution, it became evident how... 

This work has resulted in the establishment of an IPCS harmonization project working group. A Guidance Document has been developed and is presently being finalized (WHO/IPCS 2006). 

I want to thank Elizabeth Kuball for being a great project editor — giving encouragement, keeping a close watch, and making the whole project work. 

Flavourings created for the US market or Israel normally have to follow requirements for kosher status, whereas markets as the Near and Middle East and parts of Asia (e.g. Indonesia, Philippines) have a strong need for halal flavourings. As the flavour market is becoming more and more global, even the European companies in the flavour industry have to be certified by the respective certifying authorities. In general these requirements result in a reduced number of raw materials and in specific cases also carrier materials (e.g. omission of ethanol for halal flavours) for the daily project work of a fiavourist. 

There will be some people seeking to develop their managerial capabilities through project work who are not yet in manage-rlsd positions. Most of their everyday experience, while it might be suitable for some developmental purposes, is unlikely to be suitable for meinagement development purposes. 

Accepting the facts that the conventional expository laboratory has many problems associated with it, as well as that it is not an easy task to replace it entirely with inquiry-type practical work, Tsaparlis and Gorezi (141) proposed a modification of a conventional, one-semester, expository physical chemistry laboratory to accommodate a project-based component. Eight project-type tasks were used, mostly taken from articles in the Journal of Chemical Education, which is a rich source. The conventional experiments remained intact in this approach, being simply enriched with the project-based component. Students working cooperatively carried out both the conventional and the project parts in pairs for the conventional experiments, in groups of four for the project work. 

Selection of the computer system and system supplier involves evaluation of a supplier s development and project working methods, and also initial evaluation of the basic system software and hardware functionality with regard to GMP application. 

Polyethylene glycol 4000 MW is normally used for cell fusions. Batches may vary in their ability to produce viable hybridomas and it is wise to test a few batches from different sources prior to undertaking hybridoma project work. A number of biochemical suppliers now produce ready-to-use PEG/media solutions in sterile ampoules, which workers may find is a more practical source. 

Similar to the PARCC parameters, acceptance criteria are expressed in qualitative and quantitative terms. Some of them are statistically derived values, while others are purely qualitative and represent industry standards and accepted practices. Quantitative parameters (precision, accuracy, and completeness) are evaluated mathematically and compared to numerical acceptance criteria representativeness, which is a qualitative parameter, is established by comparing documented field and laboratory procedures to applicable standards and specifications. Comparability is estimated as the closeness of analytical results obtained at two different laboratories, and is usually expressed qualitatively. In environmental project work, acceptance criteria for the PARCC parameters are documented in the SAP. 

The most commonly used action levels for determining whether a waste stream exhibits toxicity characteristic and therefore is hazardous under RCRA are the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) concentrations for 24 organic compounds, 6 pesticides, 2 herbicides, and 8 metals as described in 40 CFR Part 302. Appendix 3 presents a list of these compounds and their maximum TCLP concentrations, which are frequently referred to in project work. 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Annual Book of Standards is another important source of consensus methods used in environmental project work. 

The use of American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practices is not uncommon in environmental project work, particularly for the characterization of recovered petroleum products that have accumulated in the subsurface from leaking USTs and pipelines. 

This does not mean that the EPA will give the laboratories a free hand in conducting analysis. The laboratories embarking on the development of the PBMS will have to validate the new performance-based methods according to the EPA requirements and submit their validation documentation to the EPA for approval prior to using them for project work. The EPA guidance for PBMS may be found at http //www.epa.gov/epaoswer/haswaste/test/pbms.htm. 

If collected and analyzed in the early stages of project work, these samples often reveal problems with sampling and analysis that can be immediately corrected. 

Verify whether the laboratory is not on the List of Parties Excluded from Federal Procurement and Nonprocurement Programs, particularly when selecting laboratories for government project work. The list can be found on the Internet at http // www.arnet.gov/epls. 

Detector sensitivity is best explained in terms of signal to noise ratio, which is the minimum detectable quantity with a signal to noise ratio of two (Willard, 1988). Detector sensitivity is linked to the method detection limit, a concept that we routinely use in environmental project work. (The definitions of detection limits in environmental pollutant analysis are discussed in Chapter 4.5.1.) The MDLs, however, while being related to detector sensitivity, greatly depend on the analytical method, sample matrix, and the analyte itself. In this chapter, we will address detector sensitivity in relative terms by comparing sensitivities of various chromatography detectors. 

Specify the PQLs appropriate for your project work in the planning documents and in the Laboratory SOW. 

The concept presented here in much detail as an example of cooperative project work in micro structured reactor plant development is based on the bus system and simultaneously handles a number of tasks such as mechanical stability, fluidic flow and signal transmission. A key feature of the so-called backbone interface is its open architecture. It does not rely on standardized reactors or devices, thus allowing the combination of devices from various suppliers. A robust interface was developed which withstands high pressures and temperatures. Thermal cross-talk was minimized through the use of different heat-conducting materials. 

---