Polyamine

NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2. B.p. 207"C. Important polyamine with uses similar to those of diaminoethane. 

HN —R —NH —R ),. Hydrophilic polar substances formed by reacting alkylene polyamines or simple amines with alkylene dihalides. Used as flocculants, for, e.g. cellulose fibre and mineral ore suspensions. 

Derivatives of polyisobutylene (6. in Figure 9.1) offer the advantage of control over the molecular weight of the polyisobutylene obtained by cationic polymerization of isobutylene. Condensation on maleic anhydride can be done directly either by thermal activation ( ene-synthesis reaction) (2.1), or by chlorinated polyisobutylene intermediates (2.2). The condensation of the PIBSA on polyethylene polyamines leads to succinimides. Note that one can obtain mono- or disuccinimides. The mono-succinimides are used as... 

In the case of lubricant dispersants, the polar part is organic (amine, polyamine, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, polyglycol). 

The polyispbptylenes (PIB) having molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 2000 are substituted by maleic anhydride, and the polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) formed is neutralized by a polyethylene-polyamine as indicated in Figure 9.10. 

These compounds are present in almost all mam malian cells where they are believed to be involved in cell differentiation and proliferation Because each ni trogen of a polyamine is protonated at physiological pH (7 4) putrescine spermidine and spermine exist as cations with a charge of + 2 +3 and + 4 respectively... 

Polyamine (Section 22 4) A compound that contains many ammo groups The term is usually applied to a group of nat urally occurring substances including spermine spermi dine and putrescme that are believed to be involved in cell differentiation and proliferation Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (Section 118) An aromatic hydrocarbon charactenzed by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings... 

Complex linear polyamines are best designated by replacement nomenclature. These trivial names are retained aniline, benzidene, phenetidine, toluidine, and xylidine. 

The condensation leaves epoxy end groups that are then reacted in a separate step with nucleophilic compounds (alcohols, acids, or amines). Eor use as an adhesive, the epoxy resin and the curing resin (usually an aliphatic polyamine) are packaged separately and mixed together immediately before... 

Anion exchange resins- —gel type—weakly basic—polyamine functionality ... 

COLIPOSITEIvL TERLALS - POLYMER-MATRIX - THERMOSETS] (Vol 7) Glycidated polyamine (N,NHyHy-tetragl ycidyl-4,4y-diaminodiphenylmethane [28768-32-3]... 

Synthetic Polymers. Examples of polymers in this class include acrylamide—acryHc polymers and their derivatives, polyamines and their derivatives, poly-(ethylene oxide), and allylamine polymers. 

PoIya.mines are condensation polymers containing nitrogen they are made by a variety of synthetic routes. Most of the commercial polyamines are made by reaction of epichlorohydrin with amines such as methylamine [25988-97-0] or dimethylamine [39660-17-8] (18,19). Branching can be increased by a dding small amounts of diamines such as ethylenediamine [42751-79-1]. A typical stmcture of this type of polyamine is stmcture (9). 

Polyamines can also be made by reaction of ethylene dichloride with amines (18). Products of this type are sometimes formed as by-products in the manufacture of amines. A third type of polyamine is polyethyleneimine [9002-98-6] which can be made by several routes the most frequently used method is the polymeriza tion of azitidine [151 -56 ] (18,26). The process can be adjusted to vary the amount of branching (see Imines, cyclic). Polyamines are considerably lower in molecular weight compared to acrylamide polymers, and therefore their solution viscosities are much lower. They are sold commercially as viscous solutions containing 1—20% polymer, and also any by-product salts from the polymerization reaction. The charge on polyamines depends on the pH of the medium. They can be quaternized to make their charge independent of pH (18). 

The polymer market ia the United States is dominated by synthetics with natural polymers constituting about one-eighth ia monetary terms (88). Of the synthetic polymers, most are based on acrylamide. A Hst of producers is as follows producers ia the left-hand column also produce polyamines and p oly qu atemarie s. 

Estimated HCl production during isocyanate manufacture represents net HCl. This value excludes HCl consumed ia the reaction process to make methylene diphenylene diamine (MDA) and polymethylene polyamine (PMPPA) iatermediates ia the production of 4,4 -methylenebis(phenyHsocyanate) (MDl) and polymethylene polyphenyHsocyanate (PMPPl). 

Crystal stmcture data are available for an indole—trinitroben2ene complex (2) and for the lithium and sodium salts in the presence of polyamine Ligands (3). The crystal stmcture of indole itself is evidendy disordered (4). Table 1 gives the and C-nmr assignments in CDCl (5). C-nmr assignments have been tabulated for many other indole derivatives (6). 

The resulting bisepoxy compounds are cross-linked cold with polyamines, if necessary with added accelerators. A hot cure can either be accomphshed with amines or anhydrides (eg, phthaUc acid anhydride). If suitable initiators are present, EP systems can also be cross-linked by radiation. 

Polyamines, such as diethylenetriamine [111 0-0] are used at times ia the syathesis of microporous weak base resias to achieve significantly higher capacity. However, these resias geaerally have lower physical and chemical stabiHty than resias prepared from primary or secoadary amines. 

Addition Polymers. The most commonly referenced reaction of isocyanates iavolves their addition to polyhydroxyl, polyamine, or polycarboxyhc acid compounds to yield addition polymers. Due to the wide diversity of raw material characteristics and the broad range of functionahty, polyurethane polymers having a wide range of processiag and performance characteristics are available. 

Interfdci l Composite Membra.nes, A method of making asymmetric membranes involving interfacial polymerization was developed in the 1960s. This technique was used to produce reverse osmosis membranes with dramatically improved salt rejections and water fluxes compared to those prepared by the Loeb-Sourirajan process (28). In the interfacial polymerization method, an aqueous solution of a reactive prepolymer, such as polyamine, is first deposited in the pores of a microporous support membrane, typically a polysulfone ultrafUtration membrane. The amine-loaded support is then immersed in a water-immiscible solvent solution containing a reactant, for example, a diacid chloride in hexane. The amine and acid chloride then react at the interface of the two solutions to form a densely cross-linked, extremely thin membrane layer. This preparation method is shown schematically in Figure 15. The first membrane made was based on polyethylenimine cross-linked with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (28). The process was later refined at FilmTec Corporation (29,30) and at UOP (31) in the United States, and at Nitto (32) in Japan. 

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