Polyamines table

Crystallization additives are a common method to improve crystal quality in proteins (McPherson and Cudney, 2006). With RNA, it is common to screen a series of different cations, as their role in RNA structure and catalysis is well documented for many RNA and RNA-protein systems (Pyle, 2002). Since various cations will interact with the RNA differently, our lab uses a cation screen comprised simple metal cations and polyamines (Table 6.1). Each solution in this table is a lOx stock that is added to an optimized condition (or one found in a sparse matrix) and the set of 24 conditions assessed for potential improvement in crystal quality. 

The weak binding of polyamines (Table 1) to sigma receptors suggests that polyamines may be the biological modulators of sigma receptors [8] ... 

Next, two tumoral cell lines were tested. While the products from urea and thiourea exhibit some tumoral inhibition, they are less effective than analogous polyamines (Table 5 43,... 

Crystal stmcture data are available for an indole—trinitroben2ene complex (2) and for the lithium and sodium salts in the presence of polyamine Ligands (3). The crystal stmcture of indole itself is evidendy disordered (4). Table 1 gives the and C-nmr assignments in CDCl (5). C-nmr assignments have been tabulated for many other indole derivatives (6). 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Physical properties of some commercially available polyamines appear in Table 1. Generally, they are slightly to moderately viscous, water-soluble Hquids with mild to strong ammoniacal odors. Although completely soluble in water initially, hydrates may form with time, particularly with the heavy ethyleneamines (TETA, TEPA, PEHA, and higher polyamines), to the point that gels may form or the total solution may soHdify under ambient conditions. The amines are also completely miscible with alcohols, acetone, benzene, toluene and ethyl ether, but only slightly soluble in heptane. 

Of the worldwide ethyleneamines capacity, over 50% is EDC-based the balance is rnonoethanolarnine-derived. A complete breakdown of the ethyleneamines capacity by product is not feasible siace most manufacturers can vary production mix to meet market demand. A rough estimate is that EDA represents about 40% of the total production of the family of ethyleneamines. In Europe, the product mix is skewed somewhat more toward EDA. Prices of the principal commercial polyamines ia 1992, ia the United States, are given ia Table 4. 

Table 4. Prices of Some Commercially Available Polyamines...

Typical specifications for the commercially available ethyleneamines are given ia Table 5. For more detailed specifications on these products and for specifications of other polyamines not Hsted, the individual manufacturers should be consulted. 

Table 5. Typical Specifications of Some Aliphatic Polyamines...

Polyalkylene polyamines find use in a wide variety of appHcations by virtue of their unique combination of reactivity, basicity, and surface activity. With a few significant exceptions, they ate used predominantly as intermediates in the production of functional products. End-use profiles for the various ethyleneamines ate given in Table 6. 

Polythiosemicarbazide disulfide is the most efficient aliphatic polyamine disulfide for inhibiting the thermal oxidative breakdown of polypropylene, while polyimi-noaniline disulfide and polydiiminodiphenyloxide disulfide (Fig. 3) are the most efficient aromatic polyamine disulfides. In contrast to polyethylene, the thermal oxidative breakdown period increases as the concentration increases (Fig. 4), Depending on the concentration, the flow-melt index at 230°C increases at a lower rate than in the case of commercial stabilizer Santanox (Table 2)-... 

Table 2 Effect of Polyamine Disulfide Concentration on the Polypropylene Flow-Melt Index During Thermal Oxidative Breakdown...

Po[yamine disulphides do not inhibit peroxide vulcanization of polyethylene, are stable in air up to 300-350°C, exhibit good compatibility and show no sweating out from the polyethylene mass. Table 8 gives the comparison between the efficiency of polyamine disulphides as thermostabilizers of cured polyethylene. 

Several articles [7,8] have reported that a persulfate-amine system, particularly persulfate-triethanol amine and persulfate-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) can be used as redox initiators in aqueous solution polymerization of vinyl monomers. Recently, we studied the effect of various amines on the AAM aqueous solution polymerization and found that not only tertiary amine but also secondary and even primary aliphatic amine and their polyamines can promote the vinyl polymerization as shown in Table 6 [40-42]. 

The characteristic property distinguishing macrocyclic polyamines from their linear counterparts is seen in successive protonation. One is the higher N basicity to the first proton and another is a sudden drop of N basicities in the later stages of protonation. Table 1 lists the protonation constants (Eq. 1) for the macrocyclic polyamines in comparison with the corresponding values for their linear homologues. When a linear triamine (e.g. dien) 36,37) is cyclized to, say, (9)aneN3, the basicity of the first amine increases (log Kt = 10.59 us 9.70), but the basicity of the second and especially the third amine diminish (log K2 = 6.88 vs 8.95, log K3 < 1 vs 4.25)36)... 

Table 1. Mixed protonation constants of polyamines, (25 °C and 1 = 0.2 M unless otherwise listed)... 

Table 3. Electrophoretic mobilities3 of polyamines in various buffersb...

Table 5. 1 1 Association constants log pL for phosphate and nucleotides with polyamines or metal ions at 25 C... 

Dissolution of Calculi Model. Dissolved Ions from Ca3(PCf)2. Dissolution of calcium phosphate by macrocyclic polyamines proceeds at pH 7, which is established by measuring the freed cation concentration as well as the freed anion concentration with respect to the control values (Table 7). The molar ratio of [Ca2 + ] to [P04 ]... 

Table II. Polyamines and Polyalcohols Matched by Material (Polymer)...

Corrosion inhibiting compositions for metals subjected to highly acidic environments may be produced by reacting in a condensation reaction a styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer with a polyamine to produce a polyimidoamine inhibitor [1568]. These inhibitors exhibit film-forming and film-persistency characteristics. Some relevant polyamines are listed in Table 6-2. 

A plugging material with 2-furaldehyde-acetone monomer and silicone oligomers has been described [1099]. The components for this material are shown in Table 18-1. The 2-furaldehyde-acetone monomer can contain mono-furfurylidene-acetone and difurfurylidene-acetone. The hardener can be iron chloride, benzene-sulfonic acid, hexamethylene diamine, or polyethylene polyamine. The plugging stone has improved strength, elastic-deformation, and anticorrosion and adhesion properties. 

It is worth mentioning at this point that according to Normant et al. (1975) simple polyamines such as tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) are even more active than [2.2.2]-cryptand in the benzylation of acetates in acetonitrile under liquid-solid conditions. These authors suggested that the activity was due to salt solubilization by cation complexation and not to formation of a quaternary ammonium ion since the latter showed no activity. This statement, however, is not in line with the results of Cote and Bauer (1977), who were unable to detect any interaction between K+ and TMEDA in acetonitrile. Furthermore, Vander Zwan and Hartner (1978) found Aliquat 336 (tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride) to be almost as effective as TMEDA in this reaction (Table 30). It might well be, however, that in amine-catalysed benzylation reactions the quaternary salt formed in situ acts both as a reactant and as a phase-transfer catalyst, since Dou et al. (1977) have shown that the benzyltriethylammonium ion is a powerful benzylation agent. 

Macrocyclic polyamines have been extensively studied by Lehn s group67 and the protonation constants of polyamines [24]ane-N6 (5), [32]ane-Ns (6) and [27Janc-Nfi()3 (7) have been evaluated and compared with those of the acyclic analog (8) and of the macrocycles 124 Nf,02 (9) and [18]-N6 (10)68 (Table 7). 

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