Polyamines regulation

Sratton, D.L., Fadok, V.A., Richter, D.A., Kailey, J.M., Frasch, S.C., Nakamura, T. and Henson, P.M., 1999, Polyamine regulation of plasma membrane phosphohpid flip-flop during apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem., 274 28113-28120. 

Polyamines regulate a number of biochemical functions in mammals as well in the parasites. The presence of these amines has been demonstrated in some helminths. Others, such as the buffalo filarial worm, Setaria cervi, which lack the enzymes essential for the biosynthesis of polyamines, depend on their host to meet the requirement of these amines [65a]. Consequently, the inhibition of the uptake of polyamines, their biosynthesis or metabolic functions also provide useful targets for design of potential anthelmintics [65a,b]. 

Palanimurugan R, Scheel H, Hofmann K, Dohmen RJ (2004) Polyamines regulate their synthesis by inducing expression and blocking degradation of ODC antizyme. EMBO J 23 4857 1867... 

A correlation of enhanced synthesis of polyamines with rapid growth or cell proliferation has been observed 21. From a physiological point of view, polyamines are implicated as regulators of cell proliferative activity 22). It is well known that polyamines, as protonated polycations, can bind with nucleotide and nucleic acid anions 23 241 to affect biochemical reactivities and stabilize tertiary structures 25,26). 

Chamay, D. Nari, J. Noat, G. 1992. Regulation of plant cell-wall pectin methyl esterase by polyamines -Interactions with the effects of metal ions. Eur. J. Biochem. 205 711-714. 

Lu CD, Y Itoh, Y Nakada, Y Jiang (2002) Functional analysis and regulation of the divergent spuABCDEFGH-spul operons for polyamine uptake and utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOl. J Bacteriol 184 3765-3773. 

Kun E, Kirsten E, Ordahl CP (2002) Coenzymatic activity of randomly broken or intact double-stranded DNAs in auto and histone HI trans-poly(ADP-ribosylation), catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP I). J Biol Chem 277 39066-39069 Kun E, Kirsten E, Mendeleyev J, Ordahl CP (2004) Regulation of the enzymatic catalysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by dsDNA, polyamines, Mg2-F, Ca2-F, histones HI and H3, and ATP. Biochemistry 43 210-216... 

ACS activity may be reversibly regulated by various substances associated with the methionine-recycling pathway, SAM metabolism, and polyamine synthesis, and by natural and chemical analogues of SAM or inhibitors of PLP-dependent enzymes. 

Ornithine decarboxylase catalyzes the conversion of ornithine into putrescine. Like other polyamines, the latter is involved in the regulation of cell development. Inhibition of this enzyme has been an important goal in medicinal chemistry. In this context, difluoroornithine has been shown to be an excellent inhibitor... 

Metabolism of polyamines has a direct action on cell proliferation. Thus, it is a therapeutic target for the design of antitumor agents. However, inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) by specific inhibitors does not completely cancel the activity. This is due to the existence of other biosynthetic pathways (i.e., SAM-DC). These pathways are themselves regulated by polyamines. 

Tire synthesis of polyamines is tightly regulated. The PLP-dependent ornithine decarboxylase is present in very low concentrations226 and apparently has the shortest half-life ( 10 min) of any mammalian... 

Bagni, N. and Speranza, A., Pathways of polyamine biosynthesis during the growth of Helianthus tuberosus parenchymatic tissue, in Plant Growth Regulators, Kudrev, T., Ivanova, I., and Karanov, E., Eds., Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1977, pp. 75-78. 

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