Fabric types

A typical criticism of this test method, for example, is that ordinary newsprint, and even tissue paper, will meet its requirements. That is a valid criticism. However, there seems to be general agreement that, in spite of its lack of sophistication, this test method has been successful in eliminating the fabrics with the poorest fire performance from the general population of fabrics in use for apparel in the United States. Thus, fabric types such as the fibrous torch sweaters with raised surface fibers that ignite readily and spread flame quickly are no longer legally sold in the United States due to the test requirements. The test has also been able to screen out the use of very sheer... 

In different applications while some materials must be fireproof, others can be tire resistant. The terms resist, retard, and proof have different meanings. While the words resist and retard imply a late ignition or low flame spread, proof is an absolute term not to be affected from the fire.1 This chapter reviews the flammability of different fiber/fabric types used for different applications and fire-retardant strategies involved to make them fire retardant. This chapter is not exhaustive but is complementary to other chapters written in the past.2 6... 

Designing FR textiles for required level of performance for specific end uses requires an understanding of the end-use conditions and specific flammability performance standards. Textiles in different applications are used either as a single component (e.g., apparel, curtains, bedsheets, etc.) or a component of the composite structure (e.g., furniture). In the latter, components other than textile material and their lay-up will also influence the burning behavior of the whole structure. This section discusses different fiber and fabric types used for different applications, associated fire hazards, and most relevant flammability performance standards. In Section 24.2, testing standards were discussed, which are used for testing materials to comply with performance standards discussed briefly in this section and in detail elsewhere.11... 

In Sections 24.3 and 24.5 the flammability and fire resistance of individual fiber/fabric type are discussed. However, as also discussed before, the fire resistance of a fabric not only depends upon the nature of components and the FR treatments applied, but also on fabric area density, construction, air permeability, and moisture content. Nonwovens, for example, will have superior properties to woven or knitted structure, even if all other variables are kept the same.93 The air entrapped within the interstices of any fabric structure and between layers of fabrics within a garment assembly provides the real thermal insulation. For effective thermal and fire resistance in a fabric structure, these insulating air domains need to be maintained.22 In general, for protective clothing and fire-block materials, for best performance multilayered fabric structures are employed. The assembly structures can be engineered to maximize their performance. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to go into details of these composite structures hence the reader is referred to the literature on specified applications and products available. 

Thus are the basic elements for making fabric prepared. Countless methods and structures of interworking such elements into fabric—e.g., weaving—have been developed throughout history (8). Depending on the abundance or scarcity and the type of raw material, various fabrics were developed in each geographical area to meet the need for protection against weather over time, many elaborations of the basic fabric types have been developed. 

Synthesis Synthesized/ Fabrication Type Properties Properties Properties ... 

In the first complete linkage analysis, the interaction term (layers, 1/1, float) was assigned the same weight as any of the other relevant attributes. The algorithm yielded three clusters (Figure 3) when there was only one match (or equivalently, when the maximum distance between clusters was 12 no matches ). Two of these clusters accounted for only 13 of the 101 location points. Interestingly, 11 of these 13 points were precisely those and only those points that revealed no pseudomorphs. The other two points were those for which pseudomorphic evidence could not be identified. As such, these two small clusters were taken together to form the cluster of inde-terminates . When matches were increased to three, the big cluster of 88 location points was subdivided into three smaller clusters. A cluster could represent either a fabric type or a fabric pattern. 

A cluster is strong evidence that there is only one fabric type. One question remains Are there two types of fabric present, or do the differences... 

PEVD was developed initially in the course of fabricating type III potentiometric sensors for gaseous oxide (CO, SO, and NO ) detection. Three kinds of PEVD products (NaNOj, Na2C03, and Na SO ) were deposited as the auxiliary phases at the working electrode of NO, CO, and SO sensors, respectively. Because of the underlying similarities, all discussion here will focus on CO gas sensors. Cases of depositing NaNOj and Na SO auxiliary phases for type III NO and SO potentiometric sensors, respectively, can be treated analogously. 

Because of the unavailability of the requisite solid electrolytes to form a concentration cell of gaseous oxides, it is impossible to fabricate type I potentiometric sensors for detecting gaseous oxides. 

Yarn Evidence. Several types of yarn formations were distinguished. The paired-fiber yarn shape evident in the yam-type formations is present in the fabric-type areas as well (Figure 5). For the most part, this formation is green in color, indicating malachite however, some of the paired fiber yarn shapes are a dark brown-black in color. These darker entities appear more often in the fabric-type zones than in the yarn-type areas. 

Fabric Evidence. At least five, and possibly six, fabric-type formations were observed on the blade. Most of these occurrences measured less than 2 cm. One large area (approximately 2x1 cm), adhering to the raised central section of the weapon s blade, cannot be identified positively as a fabric-type formation because of its present crushed condition. 

For all of these formations, at least two different sets of elements, perpendicular to each other, interacted. In all of the fabric type areas, eccentric yarn shapes moving in a curvilinear fashion were identified. No selvages were observed. Single yarn forms do turn back into the formations, but there is no consistency to the movement. Bearing in mind that no positive identification of warp and weft can be made without a selvage, the analyst used the terms system A and system B to designate those sharing a rectilinear relationship. System C indicated yarn shapes that are present in the area but do not interact rectilinearly. 

Several layers of fabric-type formations were observed in each location. It is impossible to know whether these pseudomorphs consisted of a single fabric with surface decoration or several layers of the same fabric or even different fabrics (18). The upper or top layers of the fabric formations generally contained large black yarns parallel to each other (system A). Rather consistently, the green, single-fiber yarn and the paired-fiber yarns appeared in both systems A and B or in one (system B) that interlaced with black yarns in the other (system A). Green, paired-fiber yarns also appeared occasionally along the surface in a nonrectilinear situation. 

Two categories of pseudomorphic textile fabric formations were identified. One, the yam type, moves in and out of the second, the fabric type. At least six areas of the latter are apparent. 

Product use Identify fiber/yam/fabric types by color staining technique. Also useful for identifying polymers in general. 

The whiteness index of softened fabrics depends on the fabric softener treatment, on the number of launderings, and on the fabric type. Dryer softeners significantly improve the whiteness index of cotton [34],... 

Three fabric types are available, i.e., woven, nonwoven and knit. Woven fabrics are primarily what is used industrially. Yams are laid into the length and width at a predetermined alignment. The width is called the fill direction and the length, the v/arp direction. They are at 90° angles and usually the yam coimt in the warp direction is the higher figure. 

Previous research aimed at removing pesticide residues from contaminated fabrics has been directed at removal of a particular pesticide chemical and/or formulation of pesticide, with no effect toward comparing the pesticide residue s composition to that of common soil. Fabric selection for this study allowed a comparison of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers and the effect of fabric type on soil removal. Two fabrics were identified for the study. Denim was 100% cotton fabric of twill weave dyed with indigo dyes. This fabric was 14 ounce, comparable to the heavy weight denim found in jeans. The second fabric was Gore Tex, a three layer structure consisting of an outer layer of rip-stop nylon and an inner layer of nylon tricot laminated to a film. The film was a micro-porous, polymeric film or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Previous studies on pesticide penetration found Gore Tex to be impermeable to pesticides. Thermal comfort studies found it to be relatively comfortable, similar In comfort to the commonly worn denim jeans and a chambray shirt. 

The knitted stmcture, which theoretically can be made of rally one yam end (as practiced in hand knitting) is quite different. As clearly shown in Figure 5.3, knitted stmctures are more flexible in their width than in their length due to the shape of the loop. Although this is characteristic for all fabric types, the flexibility can be adjusted by the manipulation of loop arrangement and yams. 

The most important aspect of needle design is the needle point because it has to penetrate the fabric without causing any damage to the material. It is also the most diverse part of the needle due to the many different types of points used. Needle points are designed for sewing on many different fabric types and seams. An example of needle point designs can be seen in Figure 6.21. 

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