Hygiene conditions

Milk comes from the cow at about 37°C, and must be cooled within two hours to 4°C or lower, and under hygienic conditions. At this temperature any micro-organisms present will not multiply at a dangerous rate and the milk can be transported to the creamery. 

Although the first two possibilities can lead to severe problems in the fermentation of amino acids, these problems can be prevented by using proper plant design maintenance of hygienic conditions throughout the operation reservation of large batches of raw material with uniform qualities. Much more severe (and much more difficult to control) are the last two possibilities which will now be discussed in more detail. 

Quality systems require that facilities and equipment should be appropriate to the activities undertaken. Surfaces that are easy to clean and maintain in hygienic condition are a requirement in many situations. For example, cloth-backed chairs would not be acceptable in a laboratory that handled potentially biohazardous materials. Equipment should be checked at installation to demonstrate that it can perform its desired function. This is frequently done using an Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification and Performance Qualification (IQ /OQ/PQ) commissioning process. Routine maintenance and calibration programmes are then required to ensure that equipment continues to deliver the specified performance. 

Both of these buildings will normally be open and mechanically ventilated to atmosphere to provide hygienic conditions for operations. However, the doors will... 

Adverse hygienic conditions favor human infestation with multicellular organisms (referred to here as parasites). Skin and hair are colonization sites for arthropod ectoparasites, such as insects (lice, fleas) and arachnids (mites). Against these, insecticidal or arachnici-dal agents, respectively, can be used. Endoparasites invade the intestines or even internal organs, and are mostly members of the phyla of flatworms and roundworms. They are combated with anthelmintics. 

In community-acquired cases the source of the infectious agent may be in the environment (food, water, animals, contagious persons) or the commensal flora of the patient in nosocomial cases the majority of infections are caused by commensals although cross-infections do occur under suboptimal hygienic conditions. Host factors usually determine the risk of nosocomial infection. 

The animals are given a clinical inspection for signs of ill health on arrival and then housed under controlled environmental and hygienic conditions (see Note 7). 

T Requirements of factory premises and hygienic conditions for Ayurvedic (including Siddha) and Unani drugs. 

The physiological action of phosphorus.—Yellow phosphorus was formerly used largely in the preparation of lucifer matches, and the workman exposed to the fumes suffered from necrosis or rotting of the bones of the upper and particularly of the lower jaw—phossy-jaw. The use of red phosphorus and improved hygienic conditions have done much to minimize the risks of chronic phosphorus poisoning. 

It shall be manufactured under hygienic conditions, light to dark brown in colour, and the flavour should be characteristic of tamarind fruit. No burnt flavour should be present. It shall be free from harmless extraneous vegetable materials (fibre and rind common to tamarind, and stems up to... 

Post-harvest processing. This involves grading, cleaning, and storing in hygienic conditions that ensure freedom from pests, moulds and other detrimental influences. 

Thorough cleaning and disinfection of the equipment are essential parts of margarine operations to ensure optimal hygienic conditions. Combined with proper processing such as pasteurization, proper cleaning procedures help to ensure optimal product shelf life. 

With travellers to the tropics, the rather high rate of HBV infection must be attributed to close physical contact in poor hygienic conditions and possibly to insect bites as well. An unusual report was published concerning an HBV infection in four employees (out of ten) in a butcher s shop within one year. (155) The 100 to 200-fold frequency of viral hepatitis in prisons as compared... 

Travellers to endemic areas, especially, when these journeys are repeated or if hygienic conditions are poor (such as with adventure travel)... 

The hepatitis C virus can be transmitted parenterally or sporadically. Risk groups with a high prevalence rate are haemophiliac patients (70-90%), i.v. drug addicts (50-90%), posttransfusion patients (60-80%), dialysis patients (5-30%) and liver transplant recipients. In 40-50% of patients with a positive anti-HCV test, the transmission route is still unknown. These cases are designated community-acquired or sporadic hepatitis C. The cause is rooted in poor hygienic conditions and close physical contact. Ill, 211, 334) Fundamentally, the possibility of infection depends on the virus titre in the source person - it is considerably lower than with HBV infection. Nosocomial infection between patients has also been observed. (281, 329, 390)... 

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