Marketing requirements

Refining has the function of transforming crude oil from various origins into a set of refined products in accordance with precise specifications and in quantities corresponding as closely as possible to the market requirements. 

New product introductions are generally heavily supported by the technical service function. Many customers using chemical feedstocks to produce multicomponent products for the consumer market require extensive on-line evaluations of new raw materials prior to their acceptance for use. An example of this would be the use of a new engineering polymer for the fabrication of exterior automobile stmctural panels. Full-scale fabrication of the part foUowed by a detailed study of parameters, such as impact strength, colorant behavior, paint receptivity, exterior photodurabiHty, mar resistance, and others, would be required prior to making a raw materials change of this nature. 

By virtue of the nature of the paraffinic feedstocks readily available, commercial chlorinated paraffins are mixtures rather than single substances. The degree of chlorination is a matter of judgment by the manufacturers on the basis of their perception of market requirements as a result, chlorine contents may vary from one manufacturer to another. However, customers purchasing requirements often demand equivalent products from different suppHers and hence similar products are widely available. 

The choice of shipping in package or bulk depends on market requirements and economics. Produces from different sources that tend to have the same characteristics (appearance, quahty, price) are usually offered in bulk form. Those tending to be specialties, while sometimes offered in small bulk units, usu y are sold in packages. Many products are sold in both ways. A comparison of the costs of typical package and bulk units is given in Table 21-17. 

In planning for a contract or new product or service, the existing quality system needs to be reviewed against the customer or market requirements. One can then identify whether the system provides an adequate degree of control. Search for unusual requirements and risks to establish whether any adjustment to procedures is necessary. This... 

Feeds to hydrotreatment units vary widely they could he any petroleum fraction, from naphtha to crude residues. The process is relatively simple choosing the desulfurization process depends largely on the feed type, the level of impurities present, and the extent of treatment needed to suit the market requirement. Table 3-12 shows the feed and product properties from a hydro treatment unit. ... 

The upper end of the display market requires full color capability, whether the intended use is for video games, television, computer monitors or graphical design. 

In all coal gasification processes—yesterday s, today s or tomorrow s —an excessive quantity of carbon monoxide is produced. This must be reduced to near zero in order to meet market requirements—safety, interchangeability with natural gas, and lowest delivered cost to distant markets. 

A logical first item is overall planning and development of the framework for the RM project. It includes consideration of end-use requirements of the material and provision for scientific and technical management and execution of the project by trained, dedicated, critical scientists and technologists. End-use requirement dictates an assessment of the nature of the problem to be addressed by the product, the market requirements, the analytical methods to be served, the measurands, forms and concentrations to be certified, the level of certification required, and the quantities of starting and final product needed, leading to overall definition of the undertaking. 

Satisfaction of market requirements concerning particle size specifications. 

Because concentrates form such a high proportion of the pig s diet and because organic concentrates are expensive, the supply of organic pigs is well below market requirements (Barrington, 1999). 

Higher product performance expectations (market requirements)... 

Transportation fuel represents the largest demand share of the oil market, so changes in the transport fleet (type of vehicle, relative proportion of each type, etc.) will certainly affect the refining profile. All these alternatives sum up to an enormous fuel menu, which, by all means, looks unviable. Such complexity and diversity has to be focused to narrow the choices and the number of co-existing fuels, while complying with market requirements at the same time. 

Constant technological improvements dictated by ever-increasing demands from the market, require the development of new materials. This process involves extensive basic electrochemical research into the nature and... 

The targets were derived from a consideration of design approaches, market requirements, and the "typical" performance of vehicles at that time. They are market driven and not a technology "push " in fact, the targets represent a challenging goal for scientists and... 

The increase of the recent years in the biological waste treatment in Europe is reported by ECN (2008). The environmental and market requirements of the biologically treated waste are also reported. The selective biowaste collection the compost production is around 9 million Mg in the European Union. 

We want to schedule the production in two plants, A and B, each of which can manufacture two products 1 and 2. How should the scheduling take place to maximize profits while meeting the market requirements based on the following data ... 

The existing Sydney and Melbourne plants were well out of phase with market requirements in their respective states, requiring additional transport costs to move product to the market. However, the market requirements for NSW and Victoria/ South Australia/Tasmania are sufficiently close that identical sized plants could be built, with significant cost savings in engineering and procurement compared with construction of two plants of differing capacity. The Melbourne and Sydney chlor-alkali plants are therefore identical up to the point of manufacture of compressed, dry chlorine. Even the plant layout has been kept identical. 

---