Other Testing

There is a large battery of tests available to the researcher to examine the effects of radiation on the properties of UHMWPE. These effects include evolution of morphological structure, production of chemical species, and changes in mechanical properties. Caution must be used in sample preparation, test conditions, and data interpretation. This list of analytical tests is not all encompassing. As noted in previous sections, some regulatory agencies may require additional tests, depending on the nature of the material and the final application. Additionally, researchers may want to perform other tests to explore additional benefits of their material. 

Baker D.A., A. Bellare, and L. Pruitt. 2003. The effects of degree of crossUnking on the fatigue crack initiation and propagation resistance of orthop edic-grade polyethylene. Biomed Mater Res Part A 66A 146-154. 

Costa L., M.R Luda, L. Trossarelli, et al. 1998. Oxidation in orthopaedic UHMWPE sterilized by gamma radiation and ethylene oxide. Biomaterials 19 659-668. 

Edidin A.A., and S.M. Kurtz. 1999. Validation of a modem hip simulator using four clinically-applied polymeric biomaterials. In Society for Biomaterials, 25th annual meeting. Providence, RI Society for Biomaterials. 

Federal Dmg Administration. 1995. Data requirements for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in orthopedic devices. Document FOD180. Rockville, MD FDA. 

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Finally, other tests to control jet fuel corrosivity towards certain metals (copper and silver) are used in aviation. The corrosion test known as the copper strip (NF M 07-015) is conducted by immersion in a thermostatic bath at 100°C, under 7 bar pressure for two hours. The coloration should not exceed level 1 (light yellow) on a scale of reference. There is also the silver strip corrosion test (IP 227) required by British specifications (e.g., Rolls Royce) in conjunction with the use of special materials. The value obtained should be less than 1 after immersion at 50°C for four hours. 

The sensibility to defects and other testing parameters of pieces can be modified by the geometry of the piece to be controlled and the conception of the probe. It is sufficient to set the direction of circulation of eddy currents, regulate the magnetic field intensity and choose the coil of the appropriate size. 

Ester formation. Heat under very efficient reflux 1 ml. of diethyl ether, 4 ml. of glacial acetic acid and i ml. of cone. H2SO4 for ro minutes. Distil off 2 ml. of liquid. Use a few drops of this liquid for the hydroxamic add test for esters (p. 334). Use the remainder for other tests for esters (p. 354). 

Hydrolysis of benzanilide. Place 5 g. of benzanilide and 50 ml. of 70 per cent, sulphuric acid in a small flask fitted with a reflux condenser, and boU gently for 30 minutes. Some of the benzoio acid will vapourise in the steam and solidify in the condenser. Pour 60 ml. of hot water down the condenser this will dislodge and partially dissolve the benzoic acid. Cool the flask in ice water filter off the benzoic acid (anifine sulphate does not separate at this dilution), wash well with water, drain, dry upon filter paper, and identify by m.p. (121°) and other tests. Render the filtrate alkaline by cautiously adding 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, cool and isolate the aniline by ether extraction. Recover the ether and test the residue for anifine (Section IV,100). 

In current industrial practice gas chromatographic analysis (glc) is used for quahty control. The impurities, mainly a small amount of water (by Kad-Fischer) and some organic trace constituents (by glc), are deterrnined quantitatively, and the balance to 100% is taken as the acetone content. Compliance to specified ranges of individual impurities can also be assured by this analysis. The gas chromatographic method is accurately correlated to any other tests specified for the assay of acetone in the product. Contract specification tests are performed on product to be shipped. Typical wet methods for the deterrnination of acetone are acidimetry (49), titration of the Hberated hydrochloric acid after treating the acetone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and iodimetry (50), titrating the excess of iodine after treating the acetone with iodine and base (iodoform reaction). 

Many other bisben2ylisoquinoliae alkaloids, such as tetrandriae (80), from Cjcleapeltata Hook., are also known. Compound (80), for example, although it causes hypotension and hepatotoxicity ia mammals, ia other tests, possessed enough anticancer activity to be considered for preclioical evaluation (55). The arrow poison tubocurare prepared from Chondrendendron spp. also contains the bisben2yhsoquiQoline alkaloid tubocurariae (9). 

Other important properties that can be measured in the laboratory include sealabiHty, printabiHty, or coating adhesion. Many of these tests have been developed by the film manufacturer in cooperation with customers and are specifically designed to measure product performance in the end use. Some tests, like sealabiHty, can be standardi2ed to time, pressure, and temperature of sealing with instmment-measured peel values, but other tests are subjective, such as evaluations of printing loss to puUoff by adhesive tape. 

A close inspection under normal illumination reveals many indications of the condition of the painting and previous repairs. Also, because oil paints become more transparent with age, pentimenti, which originally would have been invisible after the overpainting, can be observed. Raking light illumination is very useful to determine the extent of cracking, distortions of the support, delaminations of the paint layers, etc. This stage of the examination is often done in close cooperation with styHstic experts. Thus, obvious problematic areas can be identified before the other tests are started. 

Other tests to predict stabihty of gasoline have been developed and reported in the hterature. One, developed by the U.S. military, stores gasoline at elevated (43°C) temperatures for up to 12 weeks and measures existent gum at the end of that period (26). Another measures existent gum in the presence of copper. The copper catalyzes oxidation and may be a better estimator of the stabihty of gasoline at high temperature/low residence time conditions. 

The preferred method of determining water in glycerol is by the Kad Fischer volumetric method (18). Water can also be determined by a special quantitative distillation in which the distilled water is absorbed by anhydrous magnesium perchlorate (19). Other tests such as ash, alkalinity or acidity, sodium chloride, and total organic residue are included in AOCS methods (13,16,18). 

Anisotropy in metals and composite materials is common as a result of manufacturing history. Anisotropic materials often display significantly different results when tested along different planes. This appHes to indentation hardness tests as well as any other test. 

Other test media and techniques include post-emulsification penetrants, penetrants that form gels resistant to easy removal from entrapments, penetrants that concentrate dye constituents as their carrier Hquids evaporate during test processing, and penetrants that form strippable coatings in the developers. StiU other penetrant systems are formulated for use at abnormally low or high temperatures for special test appHcations. 

Eor steel and other ferromagnetic materials, property deterrnination is more difficult. Other tests are made to measure the continuity of protective metallic coatings. Residual stresses induced in welded stmctures and in components in service owing to chemical attack may contribute to early failure. 

Quahty control during manufacture and of the final product assures batch-to-batch consistency and reflabiUty. Bioavadabihty is checked in early batches produced for clinical testing. Other tests include uniformity of weight and contents, hardness (qv), disintegration rate, dissolution rate, and friabihty. 

Other Measurements. Other tests include free moisture content, rate of dissolution and undissolved residue in acids and alkaH, resin and plasticizer absorption, suspension viscosity, and specific surface area. Test procedures for these properties are developed to satisfy appHcation-related specifications. 

Classification Type pce Panel spalling loss, max. Cold modulus of Other test requirements... 

There are many other test methods used to characterize carbon blacks for quaHty control and specification purposes. Table 5 Hsts some of these methods which, with a few exceptions, have been adopted by ASTM. 

Other tests on kaolins that relate to use properties are carried out by kaolin suppHers. 

Other tests include assessing the colorfastness to solvents, felting treatments, stoving, vulcani2iag, merceri2ing, degumming, etc. 

A number of less expensive sieve shakers are on the market, such as the Dynamic, by Soiltest Inc., Chicago the Cenco-Meinzer, by Central Scientific Co., Chicago the Tyler portable, by W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, Ohio and also a number of electromagnetic vibratory shakers. The latter should be used only when strict comparability with other tests is not required, since it is difficult to be sure that identical intensity of vibration was present in the tests being compared. 

Many groups throughout the world tried to repeat the experiments using similar in vitro assays and other test systems, but without success. Current experimental data suggest additive interactions do occur between EDs, but the issue of interactive effects, and synergism in particular, will undoubtedly remain a topic of intense debate for some time to come. 

A toller may need to use resources outside their company to measure physical properties, conduct safety or other testing, engineer changes to piping or other facilities and equipment. This need frequently occurs for products in the initial development or commercialization stage. The toller should maintain confidentiality agreements with their suppliers and subcontractors commensurate with the proprietary nature of their client companies processes. Provision to allow disclosure of information to third parties should be addressed in the contract between the toller and the client. It may be structured so that the client must approve the toller s release of information to third parties. 

At the beginning of the test the motor must be at ambient temperature. In this condition the temperature and resistance of the windings should be recorded accurately. These values will be used later, with other test results, to evaluate the temperature rise and efficiency. 

Other tests for the detection of amino functionalities on solid supports include the TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, picrylsulfonic acid) [Hancock and Battersby Anal Biochem 71 260 ]976], the DABITC [Shah et al. Anal. Commun. 34 325 7997] and the NF31 [Madder et al. Eur J Org Chem 2787 7999] tests. 

Test data are available for two experiments at different impact velocities in this configuration. In one of the tests the projectile impact velocity was 1.54 km/s, while in the second the impact velocity was 2.10 km/s. This test was simulated with the WONDY [60] one-dimensional Lagrangian wave code, and Fig. 9.21 compares calculated and measured particle velocity histories at the sample/window interface for the two tests [61]. Other test parameters are listed at the top of each plot in the figure. 

To determine the required amount of planned blowdown, subtract windage losses from B. Use Table 1 for windage losses in liew of manufacturer s or other test data. 

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