Carbon Characterization

A very detailed fuel cell-related TEM study of CB and CB corrosion can be found in Eiu et al. [15]. Gas adsorption, Hg intrusion porosimetry, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provide information on porosity and pore size distribution, each of them having its own advantages and limitations. Methods that can be used to probe the functional groups at the carbon surface are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAES). Table 7.1 gives an overview of characterization techniques applied 

Tabie 7.1 Overview of characterization methods applied to unravel the geometric and electronic structures of different carbons. 

Pair distribution function PDF Near range order  

Fourier transform infrared FT-IR Surface functional groups  

In agreement with the above, Raman spectroscopy allows the study of the degree of disorder in carbonaceous materials and the size of graphitic domains. Moreover, confocal Raman microscopy gives spatially resolved information, for example, on the distribution of defects, which can be displayed in 2D 

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Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, absolute alcohol, or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. It is associated primarily with alcoholic beverages, but it has numerous uses in the chemical industry. The word alcohol is derived from the Arabic word al kuhul, which was a fine powder of the element antimony used as a cosmetic. In Medieval times, the word al kuhul came to be associated with the distilled products known as alcohols. The hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon, characterizes alcohols. Ethyl is derived from the root of the two-carbon hydrocarbon ethane. 

Figure 11.1. A conceptual diagram of the size-composition continuum of organic matter in the ocean. The seawater concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in various size fractions increases with decreasing size of particles, colloids, and dissolved molecules. The percentages of carbon characterized as specific molecules, such as amino acids and neutral sugars, decreases with decreasing size. Most of the organic carbon resides in the ocean as small molecules that have not been structurally characterized.

N.D. Parkyns and D.F. Quinn, in Porosity in Carbons Characterization and Applications, J.W. Patrick (editor), Edward Arnold, London, 1995, p. 302. 

Composition A more or less pure form of carbon characterized by a high adsorptive capacity. The chemical composition varies with the source. 

Carbon. Galimov (1968) pointed out two lines of evolution of carbon. The first is traced from gaseous CO2 and CH4 coming from the mantle and endogenetic minerals into the carbon of the carbonaceous matter of the mantle and later into the carbonaceous matter of meteorites (Fig. 27). By far the largest part of the carbon characterized by a heavy isotopic composition (5 C from —4 to —7%) arrived in the Earth s crust from the mantle by that route. The second line is related to carbide matter in the mantle and meteorites, which does not enter into the formation of gaseous compounds. Carbon of the first line of evolution predominates in the Earth s crust. 

Duddeck and Klein also examined the pair of compounds 41 and 49 of which the former has an inverted carbon characterized by a long central bond formed by overlap of what are close to p orbitals. Cy is shifted downfield by ca. 23 ppm with respect to 49 a through-bonds transmission of the substituent effect is envisaged. 

J. P. Chen and S. N. Wu, Acid/base treated activated carbons characterization of functional groups and metal adsorptive properties, Langmuir (2004). 

Other important characteristics of porous media include the specific surface area and the tortuosity factor. The specific surface area is defined as the surface area of the solid phase divided by the sample volume (and hence has units of L ), and is important to solid-fiuid interactions (for example, this is an important parameter for activated carbon characterization). The tortuousity factor t in porous media is defined as ... 

Patrick, J.W., Ed. Porosity in Carbons Characterization and Applications Halsted Press, an imprint of John Wiley and Sons London, 1995. 

In this chapter, we will try to follow the terminology norms for carbon as a solid developed by the International Committee for Carbon Characterization and Terminology, and later adopted by the lUPAC [16]. Some... 

Contescu, A., Contescu, C., Putyera, K., and Schwarz, J.A. (1997). Surface acidity of carbons characterized by their continuous pK distribution and Boehm titration. Carbon, 35, 83—94. 

White Carbon characterizes the Pathways software platform as two separate suites ... 

Ricordel S., Taha S., Cisse I. and Dorange G., (2001), Heavy metals removal by adsorption onto peanut husks carbon characterization, kinetic study and modeling, Separation and Purification Technology, 24, 389-401. 

Carbonaceous materials such as porous carbons (e.g., active carbons and ordered nanoporous carbons) and nonporous carbons (e.g., carbon blacks) are a non-graphitic form of carbon characterized by internal surface areas ranging from lO-AO m g (nonporous or macroporous carbon blacks) to 500-3000 g" (active carbons). X-ray analysis shows that... 

Corbett, J. I and P. S. Fischbeck (1997) Emissions from ships. Science 278, 823-824 Corbett, I J. and H. W. Koehler (2003) Updated emissions from ocean shipping. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, doi 10.1029/2003JD003751 Cossa, A. (1867) Ueber die Ozonometrie. Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie 6, 24-28 Cosovic, B., P. Orlovic Leko and Z. Kozarac (2007) Rainwater dissolved organic carbon characterization of surface active substances by electrochemical method. Electroanalysis 19, 2077-2084... 

Bower, D.I., Maddams, W.F. (1989) The Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymer, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24633-4, Cambridge, UK Chen, J., Wu, S. (2004). Acid/base-treated activated carbons characterization of functional groups and metal adsorptive properties, Langmuir, Vol.20, No.6, (March 2004) pp. 2233-2242, ISSN 0743-7463... 

The actual reactions in the combustion of carbon are much more complicated. Very different reaction mechanisms are suggested by several authors. If for example a complex formation is assumed on the surface of the carbon, characterized non-stoichiometrically ... 

A flask containing anhydrous CS2CO3 and powdered 3 A molecular sieve pre-heated for 3 min in vacuo, a soln. of (2S,3S)-2,3-epoxy-3-phenyl-l-propanol (dried azeotrop-ically with toluene) in anhydrous DMF added via cannula at 23° under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, the suspension stirred at 36° for 13 h, and the obtained cyclic carbonate characterized by hydrolysis to the corresponding (2R,3S)-triol at 23° with satd. aq NH4CI. Y 85%. F.e.s. A.G. Meyers, K.L. Widdowson, Tetrahedron Letters 29, 6389-92 (1988). 

Activated carbon (1921) n. (1) Any form of carbon characterized by high adsorptive capacity of gases, vapors, and colloidal solids. (2) A highly adsorbent powdered or granular carbon made usually by carbonization and chemical activation and used chiefly for purifying by adsorption. Whitten KW, Davis RE, Davis E, Peck... 

In addition to the aforementioned methods, the characterization of acidic and basic sites on carbon surfaces has been carried out by using immersion calorimetry [72,78]. As will be analyzed further in Section IV, calorimetry has not been employed widely for carbon characterization and particularly not for the study of acid/base site distribution [78], Nevertheless, in recent papers, Stoeckli and... 

Suresh S., Srivastava V.C., Mishra I.M. Study of catechol and resorcinol adsorption mechanism through granular activated carbon characterization, pH and kinetic study. Sep. Sci. Technol, 2011d 46(ll) 1750-1766. 

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